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Isaac
Newton wrote:
"That
gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to
matter, so that one body can act upon another at a
distance through a vacuum without the mediation of
anything else, by and through which their action and force
may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great
an absurdity that I believe no man, who has in
philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can
ever fall into it." EVU Isaac
Newton knew nothing about electricity, & as an
intellectually honest scientist he could not but state the
consequences of his research into gravity. Following these
consequences The
Electric Vortex Universe now replaces the "Dead
Gravity Universe" which less judicious ever since
have hotchpotched from the "laws of gravitation"
in their delusion that the gravitational formulae were the
same as the gravitational force. The EVU by simple
observations, experiments & by returning to logic
arguments explains the natural events experienced by
mankind in historical times, as well as the preceding
& ongoing natural mechanisms prevailing in &
governing the evolution of the universe quantavolutionery
processes – from electric energy in its primary
aggregate form up to the creation of substances &
their uniformly driven movements throughout the universe. The
EVU rests on the Grundlegend Neue Erkenntnisse in Physik,
Chemie & Himmelsmechanik, ie New Elementary
Perceptions in Physics, Chemistry and Celestial Mechanics,
as known since 1962. The full German text is
published in www.paf.li/erkenntnisse.htm,
English in www.paf.li/perceptions.htm.
The replication of experiments is, of course, left to
anyone's option (though paf@paf.li
would like to hear about results which will easily prove
the fundamental irrationality & ludicrousness of all
current & fundamental theories in physics, astronomy,
& history. New Elementary Perceptions in Physics, Chemistry and
Celestial Mechanics (1962) The Formation of the South and the North Pole The Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped Around an Electric Conductor The Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor The Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current The Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles The Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law The Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing Length of the Lines of Force The Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet The Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar Magnet The Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field The Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet Proof of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects The Function of the Transformer The Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine The Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth The Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote Reception The Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth The Disturbances of the Gigavortex Recording, Geomagnetic Differential Motor Parts of Characteristic Diagrams The Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth The Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity The Nature of Heat and Coldness The Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of Thermal conduction The Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to Temperature Increase The Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence The Nature of Thermoelectricity The Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the Year The Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General Weather Situation The Formation of Clouds and Hail The Cause of the Absolute Zero Point 1. Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion 3. Potential and actual geoelectricity 7. Potential and actual lunar electricity 10. Positive and negative electricity 11. Potential and actual solar electricity The Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation The Cause of the Periodic System of Elements The Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the Fall The Nature and Spreading of Light The Nature and Spreading of Light The Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam The Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism The Formation of Normal Spectra Goethe's and Newton's Conception of Light A New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending upon the Earth's Rotation The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies The Formation of Our Solar System The Megavortices of the Planets The Polar Position of the Planets and Moons Relative to the Sun The Cause of Planets and Moons Orbiting Around the Sun The Formation of the Elliptical Planetary Orbits The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and the Polar Light The Cause of the Rotation of the Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own Axes The True Cause of High Tide and Low Tide The Law of the True Lunar Orbit The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of Some Moons The Comets and the Formation of their Tails The Comet Orbits and the Reverse Orbits of Some Comets Proposal about the Construction of a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity Aerodyne
English-German
Glossary
Part
One
The Function of Induction
The Function of Induction
1
Our
present imagination of
the lines of force of magnetic and electric fields
is based mainly on the iron chip images of permanent and
temporary magnets and live conductors. The characteristic
iron chip images generated by scattering iron chips on a
sheet of paper above a magnet or an electric conductor are
schematically illustrated in Figs. 1 through 4. As these
so-called lines of force are unique in the entire scope of
physics without any similar phenomena, they still have a
particular position without a scientific foundation. Thus,
as it is impossible to compare these line of force shapes
with any other physical phenomena, nobody knows until now
what to do with them. However, the explanation of the
entire complex of magneto-electric phenomena depends upon
the correct explanation of these shapes. Indeed, whoever
is able to correctly explain these line of force shapes
holds the key to all kinds of phenomena and motion in
physics, chemistry, and celestial mechanics in his hand.
When dealing with the basic and initial problem of
electricity research, our imagination about these line of
force systems immediately led us into a dead-end street
from which we have been unable to find a way out up to
now. What would we have thought about the cause of
magnetism and its phenomena if we had not had these very
illustrative iron chip images before us! Certainly we
would not have easily developed the ideas of line of force
arrangements in magnetic and electric fields if our
attention had not been positively directed to these ideas.
Without the characteristics of the iron chip images, we
might perhaps have developed hypotheses more closely to
the real situation in parallel to known physical
phenomena. Now
an attempt is made to illustrate the formation of the
characteristic iron chip images. When
one looks to the generation of the iron chip images as the
result of a flow law in analogy to aero- and
hydrodynamics, fully concrete ideas about vortices and
their flow and accumulation effects are gained instead of
the abstract particular position of the line of force
shapes. Everywhere in nature we find inhomogeneous flow
fields, i.e. wherever, for example, air or water flows
occur we do not find uniform homogeneous but non-uniform
inhomogeneous flow velocities. These non-uniform flow
velocities which may result from friction or other forms
of resistance always cause the formation of vortices which
can be easily observed in wind and water flows. One can
say that wherever inhomogeneous flow fields occur a basis
for the formation of vortices is present. Now what is the
story behind those vortices? Many years ago, the entire
civilized world regarded Flettner's rotor ship as a
tremendous sensation. It is a ship equipped with rotating
cylinders instead of sails. If a cylinder is allowed to
rotate in a flow, a vortex field is generated within this
flow because due to the friction on the cylinder, the
medium surrounding it is entrained in the same rotating
direction. Fig. 5 illustrates the principle of Flettner's
rotor. The air flow is represented by simple arrows.
Within this flow a cylinder rotates in the direction
marked by a circular arrow. The air engaging the cylinder
is entrained by it in the same rotating direction due to
the effect of friction. Now the following effect occurs: On
the left side, the cylinder moves in the same direction as
the air flow, but on the opposite right side the air flow
moves opposite to the rotating direction of the cylinder.
As the velocities increase on the left side while
decreasing of the opposite right side due to the
counterflow occurring here, a suction effect builds up on
the left side and a pressure or compression on the right
side. This phenomenon is known in physics as Magnus's
effect. The cylinder tends to move from the pressure to
the suction side. To be exact, this means the generation
of an inhomogeneous field because the velocities are
higher on the suction side than on the pressure side. 5
Fig.
6 shows a natural inhomogeneous field caused by a water
jet, let's say from a fire engine. The air surrounding the
water jet is entrained by the water jet in its moving
direction wherein the velocity is higher in the direct
vicinity of the jet and decreasing in proportion to the
distance from the water jet. One can say that the velocity
of the entrained air decreases as the distance from the
water jet increases. So we are facing a positively
inhomogeneous flow field of the air. Now if we place an
object such as a cylinder or a ball within this
inhomogeneous flow field, Magnus's effect occurs exactly
as with Flettner's rotor. Namely, a vortex is formed
which, due to the inhomogeneous field, has its higher flow
velocity on the left side of the ball facing the water jet
and the lower flow velocity on the right side of the ball.
As a consequence, there is a buildup of suction and
pressure the effect of which moves the cylinder or ball
obliquely to the flow, i.e. opposite to the water jet.
Thus, Magnus's effect acts in both examples. In order to
impart to the cylinder or ball a movement transversely to
the flow direction, it does not matter whether such object
is rotated in a homogeneous field or whether it is not
rotated in an inhomogeneous flow field. Now
let us look at an electric conductor according to Fig. 7
from the point of view of an inhomogeneous flow field
assuming that what we perceive in its effect as an
electromagnetic field around an electric conductor was
nothing but a weak outer parallel continuation of the
inner current flow. So when we place an iron particle into
this flow field we find the same rectangular motion
phenomena as in the water and air flow examples described
above. The author asks to firstly accept what is
called "flow" herein as a hypothetical
"flowing thing" until at an appropriate point
the necessary preconditions for a more detailed
explanation are provided. One might object that there were
no way to talk about a current flow outside the electric
conductor as even the most accurate instruments were
unable to detect such flow. However, the impossibility of
measuring such a flow becomes understandable when one
figures the field to be filled with vortex cores which
during an even current flow remain in a static condition.
A further explanation will be attempted below. When
we place a number of ferromagnetic bodies (iron particles)
side by side on a plane extending at a right angle to the
electric conductor according to Fig. 8, a south and a
north pole are formed. The
Formation of the South and the North Pole
Each
of the individual bodies shown in the drawing as
ferromagnetic cylinders is surrounded by a vortex in the
same rotating direction, i.e. clockwise with regard to the
cylinders on the right side of the electric conductor and
counterclockwise with regard to the cylinders on the left
side, as shown in Fig. 8. Let us take hereinafter this
counter-rotation as the polarity which is designated by a
white half cylinder as the south pole and a black half
cylinder as the north pole in all respective illustrations
and projections. The author denotes the pole facing the
earth's north pole as south pole as it is also usual in a
number of other countries. This choice was not arbitrary
but based on the considerations about the pole regularity
of our solar system in the last part of this paper.
Figures shown later in this document also show magnetic
needles or balls instead of the cylinders. when we think
of swiveling our viewing direction by 360° around the
electric conductor we find that of course all cylinders
grouped around the electric conductor have the same sense
of rotation. The
Law of Repulsion
As
illustrated in Fig. 8, we find opposite flows between the
individual bodies caused by the same sense of rotation of
the vortices, and thus an accumulating effect similar to
Magnus's effect which mutually repels the bodies from one
another in accordance with their intrinsic flow intensity.
As the parallel flow decreases as the distance from the
electric conductor increases, the vortex intensity of the
ferromagnetic bodies decreases as well. Therefore, the
mutual spaces between the bodies must decrease outwards at
the same proportion up to a particular space defined by
the intensity of the earth's field, of course neglecting
the friction resistance between the bodies and the
substrate. The
Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped
Around an Electric Conductor
9
Fig.
9 shows an axial view of the body plane A-B in Fig. 8. In
this figure, we immediately perceive the known annular
system of the iron chips grouped around an electric
conductor. This annular system is the natural consequence
of the like sense of the vortex flows and the resulting
mutual repulsion of the polar bodies radially arranged
side by side. The annular system is inevitably formed and
can be most easily explained in analogy with the vortex
flow laws pertaining to water and air. Thus, this annular
system has absolutely nothing to do with the very popular
experimental evidence of a single pole circular movement
around an electric conductor. The
Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor
10
Now,
if we imagine, as shown in Fig. 10, a number of such
annular systems being arranged alongside the electric
conductor, the distances between the individual annular
planes would again be the result of the repulsion or the
intensity of the vortices rotating in the same sense. In
this case, however, one would not perceive anything of a
parallel flow alongside the electric conductor but only a
vast number of individual vortices. But as these
individual vortices would be at fixed positions under
conditions of a constant current flow, we would perceive
the entire vortex field as a static field in spite of the
internal current flow. Let us firstly assume for a better
understanding of the following that the entire vortex
system according to Fig. 10 consisted of firmly anchored
resistances within a water or air flow caused by mutual
repulsion, the main flow of which would occur in the
center, i.e. instead of the electric conductor. If we
moved a channel provided outside the vortex field parallel
to the main flow against, i.e. obliquely to, the main flow
(feathered arrow 1) with
its open side at a right angle, we would generate in the
channel a flow opposite to the main flow in accordance
with the affected vortex side. If we exceeded the center
of the main flow with this channel continuing in the same
moving direction or if we swiveled the channel by 180°
and brought the open part back to the initial position, we
would have in both cases, due to the internal affection of
the vortex sides, a reversion of the flow inside the
channel, i.e. we would have the same flow direction as the
main flow. If we tried to swivel the channel by 90° and
to move it towards the main flow direction (feathered
arrow 2), we could not realize any flow inside the channel
because the opposite flows of the right and left vortices
would cancel each other inside the channel. Although these
flow laws apply to water and air, they correspond in all
their movements in principle with induction. Let us return
to our hypothesis about the energy field flowing in
parallel to the electric conductor and let us think of the
visible ferromagnetic bodies as unperceivable material
nanoparticles, so we again face a vortex field regularly
grouped around the electric conductor the effect of which
is an electromagnetic, static field. If we replaced the
channel by a wire and connected its ends to a
galvanometer, we can observe in the latter that, if moved
in the same directions as with the channel, the induced
current has the same directions. One might thus assume
that the vortices of the nanoparticles having a charge of
a certain intensity depending upon their distance from the
electric conductor deliver their charges in the direction
present at the affected vortex side. The opposite vortex
side is not affected because the particles have to stop at
the surface of the electric conductor, i.e. are unable to
pass through it. 11
Starting
from the idea that initially no current flows through the
electric conductor, we have to assume that substances are
grouped around the conductor which normally are subject to
the horizontal intensity of the earth's field and are
spaced apart accordingly. If we sent a galvanic current
through the electric conductor according to Fig. 11,
according to our hypothesis the nanoparticles grouped
around the electric conductor are charged according to the
current intensity and their distance from the electric
conductor so that they repel one another as strong as
their vortex intensity allows. According to our
hypothesis, we would have generated a potential of the
magnetic field, so-to-speak a positive magnetic pressure
which would be largest at the electric conductor and which
would outwardly decrease to zero. Thus, the nanoparticles
subject to the earth's horizontal intensity would exercise
from the outside a concentric pressure onto the vortex
field of the electric conductor which on the other hand
provides a counter-pressure of the same strength. Both
vortex fields would be in a state of mutual equilibrium.
(This mutual dependence easily allows measuring an unknown
field using a known field.) During repulsion, the
nanoparticles wander rectangularly outward according to
Fig. 11 and deliver their charge - as it represents a
positive magnetic pressure - towards the affected vortex
side to the adjacent induction conductor with the
direction, as in our channel example, being opposite to
the main flow. Extra
Current
As
the nanoparticles located in the interstices between the
molecules of the electric conductor also wander
rectangularly from the periphery of the conductor towards
its central axis when the electric circuit is closed, they
deliver their charges to the electric current itself with
their direction being opposite to the current direction in
the conductor (extra current). If the circuit is opened,
the nanoparticles wander back to their original positions
in accordance with the intensity of the earth's field and
this time affect the induction conductor with the inner
vortex side so that the induced closing current has the
same direction as the main current. In case of alternating
current, the vortex directions alter in correspondence
with the alteration of the main current. The
Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current
It
becomes easily clear from this vortex kinematics that a
so-called chopped direct current also results in an
induced alternating current the directions of which can be
determined with equal accuracy. For induction, it is
principally unimportant whether the nanoparticles are
moved in a reciprocating manner or whether they are left
together with their vortices at their position as a static
field while having the induction conductor affect the
vortex sides. Likewise, it is unimportant to let the
induction coil stationary while moving the electric
conductor including its static vortex fields in a
reciprocating manner. The
Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles
The
above description of the function of nanoparticles during
opening, closing or altering the current clearly
illustrates the undulating motion of the nanoparticles. In
the moment of closing, the nanoparticles of the earth's
field are driven outward in an undulating motion due to
the increasing vortex intensity causing a mutual repulsion
in accordance with the velocity of the progressing
current, while on opening the current they are pushed back
to their point of origin also in an undulating motion due
to the static pressure of the earth's field. The faster
the interruptions or directional alterations of the
current, the shorter the undulating motions of the
nanoparticles. The
Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law
12
This
vortex kinematics is in no way contradictory to the
existing basic mathematical principles of the magnetic
field. On the contrary: Coulomb's law indeed derives from
it its thorough explanation and logical interpretation.
This law cannot be applied to free poles, as we know that
such poles do not exist, but it applies to the two-pole
nanoparticles which are mutually repulsive due to their
ascending vortex. As all vortices have the same sense of
rotation, all north poles are located on one side and all
south poles on the other. When we designate the mechanical
force with which two nanoparticles repel each other as P,
the force or vortex intensity of the repulsion of the one
particle as M1 and that of the other particle as M2 and
the distance between both particles as l, and when we
assume a constant to define the state of the space between
the particles, we find that the mechanical force with
which the two nanoparticles move away from each other due
to their opposite vortex flows is P=(M1•M2)/12
Dyn as an absolute measure. We can also demonstrate
Coulomb's law in a very illustrative manner by generating
water or air eddies. If one makes two balls attached to a
flexible shaft at a distance l rotate in the same
direction within a liquid or in the air, the balls are
repelled from each other with the force P due to the
accumulating effect created between the two balls in
accordance with the momentum, i.e. the generated vortex
intensity. Ohm's
Law
Ohm's
law, too, finds a complete and satisfactory explanation by
vortex kinematics wherein a) the
voltage of the current corresponds with the vortex
intensity and/or the distance between the nanoparticles of
a conductive substance, b)
the
amperage corresponds with the vortex density, and c)
the
resistance corresponds with the vortex-related
accumulating effect occurring between the particles. Hence
the vortex density is proportional to the vortex
intensity, i.e. the distance between the nanoparticles
while the vortex density is inversely proportional to the
vortex-related accumulating effect. Vortex density = vortex intensity / vortex-related
accumulating effect Vortex intensity = vortex density • vortex-related
accumulating effect Vortex-related accumulating effect = vortex intensity
/ vortex density Also,
the existing conception of tubes or lines of force is
clearly and unambiguously explained by vortex kinematics. The
Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing
Length of the Lines of Force
According
to the aforementioned, the nanoparticles located one
behind the other form, so to speak, a chain; the north
pole of one particle is always
directed to the south pole of the other
nanoparticle. As a consequence, a tensile force is
generated in longitudinal direction as shown in Fig. 12.
So, such a nanoparticle chain would be nothing but a line
of force. If, as assumed in our example, several such
lines of force or better chains of force are located side
by side, the mutual repulsion of the nanoparticle vortices
generates a pressure force transversely to the direction
of the tube of force. Thus, all characteristics applied to
the lines of force such as an increasing cross-section and
a decreasing length are clearly explained by this
conception. However, in vortex kinematics the relation
between the so-called density of the lines of force and
the number of lines of force is opposite to the previous
conception. In vortex kinematics, the maximum density
possible of lines of force will logically have only one
nanoparticle chain per square centimeter, and the field
strength l will gather the largest number of chains on the
square centimeter. This easily becomes clear from this
point of view because the mutual distance between the
nanoparticles is greatest at the highest vortex intensity
and smallest at the lowest intensity. As a consequence,
the intensity of the lines of force is greatest when the
square centimeter comprises the lowest number of
nanoparticle chains while being lowest when the largest
number of such chains is located on that square
centimeter. Now,
the claw of induction shall be explained in more detail
from the viewpoint of this vortex hypothesis and in
connection with permanent and temporary (electro-)
magnets. It will become clear that this vividly described
vortex kinematics can be applied very well and
successfully to theory and practice as it explains
extremely complex processes in a very illustrative and
simple manner. If
one looks at the deeper regularity of magnetic fields and
at the induction of permanent and temporary magnets
logically following the vortex hypotheses, one arrives at
surprising and unambiguous explanations of numerous
phenomena of magnetism and electricity. Let
us first assume that a vortex field is nothing but a
parallel flow concentrically arranged around a pole axis,
so it will become obvious that the field of a current
conductor in the form of a roller-shaped coil (solenoid)
found to be a parallel flow forms kind of a circulating
vortex flow the front sides of which have to be north or
south poles depending upon the flow direction. The
Electromagnet
If
a soft iron bar is arranged at the center of the axis of
such a flowing vortex, we have an electromagnet the poles
of which correspond exactly to the poles of the flowing
vortex. This electromagnet retains its magnetic properties
as long as it is exposed to a flowing vortex. If
the vortex is switched off by interrupting the current in
the coil or by making the vortex ineffective by putting on
a second coil wound in the opposite direction which
generates a counter-vortex or by initially providing for
only one coil having a bifilar counter winding, the
magnetic properties of the coil as well as of the soft
iron bar disappear. When the flow intensities of the two
counter vortex fields differ, it is clear that the iron
bar becomes magnetized in accordance with the intensity
difference. The
Permanent Magnet
So
it seems that the only difference between an electromagnet
(temporary magnet) and a permanent magnet lies in the fact
that an electromagnet has an artificially generated vortex
field while a permanent magnet has a natural one, the
vortex flow intensity of which must be of the same
strength as that of an electromagnet of equal capacity.
Here the decisive question suggests itself immediately
about the origin of this natural vortex field of the
permanent magnet. This question inevitably arises when one
looks at the vortex fields, and it is not difficult to
find the correct answer to this significant question when
one consistently walks on the path described herein. The
context of all considerations will have to show whether
this answer corresponds to the plain truth, for one
finally may, in all probability, consider those findings
as true which are supported by logical thought and
comprehensive observation. The natural vortex field of the
permanent magnet is in itself the result of the
inhomogeneous flow of an even larger vortex field which we
will discuss further in the course of our investigation. 13
Let
us first try to find out in the light of our above
considerations whether a vortex field can be found in case
of the permanent magnet and whether this field fits into
our above view with respect to the pole arrangement. Fig.
13 shows a bar magnet with a number of magnetic needles
arranged on the axis plane which might be substituted by
iron chips as well. One glance at this figure shows
clearly that the north poles of the magnetic needles face
the south pole of the bar magnet while the south poles of
the magnetic needles face the bar magnet's north pole. We
had found out in our above considerations that a magnetic
needle or a ferromagnetic substance always takes a
position in which its vortex axis is at a right angle
relative to the flow direction and that in this case the
south pole of the needle is always located on the left
side if the electric conductor above the needle extends
away from the viewer (Fig. 8 and 9). When
we mentally apply this fact to our example according to
Fig. 13, we surprisingly discover that indeed there is a
vortex flow around the axis of the bar magnet, presenting
a descending trend at the poles and an ascending trend in
the neutral zone. The descending and ascending direction
of the vortex flow is perceivable from the positions of
the magnetic needle. The
Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet
Although
our example does not provide for an electric conductor
arranged at the poles in a coil-like shape, but in the
same sense the more dense flow of the inhomogeneous vortex
is directed inwardly near the poles while the more dense
flow of the inhomogeneous vortex is directed outwardly in
the neutral zone and at both sides thereof. The dots on
the left side of Fig. 13 represent the arrow tips directed
towards the viewer while the crosses on the right side
represent the arrow feathers, i.e. an arrow direction away
from the viewer. So, in case of the permanent magnet we
see a vortex flow descending from the outside towards the
poles and ascending from the neutral zone towards the
poles. When we look at the direction of the vortex flow,
i.e. the position of the magnetic needles, we find the
north and south poles exactly on the same side as in case
of the artificially generated vortex field of an
electromagnet or solenoid. With a view to the vortices
flowing down to the poles and the vortices flowing from
the neutral zone up to the poles it is not contradictory
to common sense to assume with regard to the permanent
magnet that a streaming-in occurs at the poles and a
streaming-out occurs at and near the neutral zone. In
anticipation of our considerations below, let us designate
the matter which streams in and out shortly as
"actual solar electricity". The
Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar
Magnet
14
Strictly
speaking, the vortex flows facing the poles must have a
certain gradient so that the magnetic needles located
within these flows show a certain deviation from the poles
because they - as we have seen in the parallel flow field
of the electric conductor - always take a position at a
right angle relative to the flow. Fig. 14 schematically
shows how the actually existing gradient of the pole
vortices can be proven by a simple experiment. The figure
shows a bar magnet A arranged so as to pivot around its
south pole in an inclined position l, a soft iron bar B
rotatably suspended on the elongated inclination axis of
the former and provided with a mirror C, and further a
light source D for projecting the mirror's deflection.
Before starting the experiment, the iron bar is brought
into the inclination position without the influence of the
bar magnet in order to hopefully prevent a later twisting
of the silk thread. As the deflections, i.e. the vortex
gradients, are fairly low, it is recommended to use a
light beam index having a minimum length of three to five
meters. Now, if one swivels the bar magnet A from its
position 1 into position 2, a definite vortex diameter of
the south pole enters the region of the iron bar B with
the latter moving into a position rectangularly to the
vortex gradient or vortex flow thus making the light beam
index deflect from its central position into position 2.
If after recording the index deflection the bar magnet is
swung from position 2 via position 1 into position 3, the
opposite vortex diameter enters the region of the iron bar
and again aligns it rectangularly. As both opposite vortex
gradients are offset relative to each other by twice the
angle ratio at their contact diameters, we observe a light
beam index deflection being twice as large as in the first
case. In correspondence with the vortex gradient, the
direction of movement of the index deflection indicates
the flow direction of the vortex. As the gradient is
nearly indiscernible near the pole, it is best to suspend
the iron bar at some distance from the bar magnet. The
Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field
As
in our previous considerations, intrinsic vortices flow
around the individual magnetic needles, too. As all
vortices of the magnetic needles have the same flow sense,
an accumulation of the opposite flows occurs between the
needles. Thus an accumulation effect occurs which forces
the needles to be mutually repulsive. If
we use iron chips instead of magnetic needles, this mutual
repulsion creates the characteristic lines of the iron
chip patterns (cf. Fig. 1-4). The flow intensities of the
smaller vortices are proportionate to the flow intensity
of the main vortex, i.e. the bar magnet. Large intensities
result in large distances between the iron chip lines and
large ranges of the chip pattern
while low intensities result in short distances and
small ranges. The
aforementioned considerations show that the entry of a
resistance into an inhomogeneous flow field a vortex
emerges the flow direction of which is always in the same
sense as the more dense and intensive side of the flow
field. If an even smaller resistance is immersed into such
a vortex it is logical that within the vortex flow a
respective smaller vortex flow must be generated the flow
sense of which depends upon the first vortex flow, namely
again upon the more dense, mire intensive side of the
vortex field. One might continue in this manner up to the
nanovortex of a nanoparticle and on the other hand up to
the megavortex of a spiral nebula "spiral
nebula". Now
let us become familiar with the effect of induction of a
bar magnet. The
Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet
15
Let
us assume that the bar magnet shown in Fig. 15 is
surrounded by invisible material nanoparticles as
discussed in the context of Figs. 10 and 11. In the
present figure, these nanoparticles are shown as balls in
the axis plane of the bar magnet at a very large
magnification with their south poles being defined by
black areas and their north poles by white areas to
provide a clearer illustration of the polar pattern. It is
clear from the aforesaid that these nanoparticles within
the large vortex of the bar magnet have their respective
nanovortices so that they all, due to their flow
intensity, repel each other and are, like the visible iron
chip pattern, invisibly arranged according to the
intensity distribution of the descending and ascending
flow vortices of the bar magnet. The flow directions of
the nanovortices are marked by small arrowed ellipses. A
number of larger loops are drawn within this field of
nanovortices to schematically denote an induction coil,
i.e. a coil having several wire windings. The loop side
facing the viewer is provided with an arrow denoting the
direction of the induced current if the loop or induction
coil is moved in the direction of the feathered arrows. It
can be seen from the drawing of the nanoparticles that
their polar axes at each location are at different angular
positions relative to the polar axis of the bar magnet. It
is therefore difficult to achieve a high degree of
induction efficiency. Similar to the bar magnet which
provides an ascending vortex, or better a vortex streaming
out, from the neutral zone towards the poles on both
sides, we find a vortex streaming out from the neutral
zone of the nanoparticles. It is clear that in case of a
nanoparticle a stream of force can only be found at the
ascending vortices of the neutral zone, while it is
impossible to detect it on the descending, in-streaming
vortex sides, i.e. on the pole sides because the particles
are packed closely together. It is this ascending vortex
streaming out the potential of which is led off at a
movement of the vortex field or the induction coil in the
direction of the impinged vortex flow. If
we look at Fig. 15 with this in mind, we can easily
identify the movement of the coil most effective for
induction. We see that the most vortex potential can be
derived in the direction of an axial movement while at the
same time maintaining a concentric coil position. So it is
highly interesting to determine with reference to this
figure to which direction the induced or derived current
flows in the coil when it is moved in the direction of the
feathered arrows. When we at first move the coil axially
and concentrically with the axis of the bar magnet towards
the north pole of the bar magnet, only a weak derivation
or induction can be found in the coil due to the only
partial contact of the windings with the ascending
vortices of the nanoparticles. If the movement towards the
poles is continued, the contact with the ascending vortex
sides of the nanoparticles surrounding the north pole of
the bar magnet increases so that a considerable current
increase can be observed. This direction of movement of
the induced current on the north pole side of the bar
magnet is counterclockwise in accordance with the impinged
vortex sides of the nanoparticles. When we continue to
move the coil
in the same direction, we more and more encounter the
descending polar flow or the south pole sides of the
nanoparticles the nearer we come to the neutral zone. As
we have mentioned before, the pole sides of the
nanoparticles are not provided with an outwardly directed
potential so that no current can be derived or
induced here. If we move the coil beyond this zone towards
the south pole of the bar magnet, we again and
increasingly encounter the outflowing vortex sides of the
nanoparticles. But as we this time impinge on the rear
side of the nanovortices, the current in our induction
coil alters its direction. Here, on the south pole side of
the bar magnet, we have a clockwise current direction. The
current increase and decrease at the south pole side is
similar to that at the north pole side when the coil
movement continues. If we now move the coil backward
towards its original position, we impinge on the
nanovortices in each polar zone always on the opposite
side. As a consequence, the direction of the induced
current is opposite to the first movement direction. If
we now move the coil away from the axis center of the bar
magnet but parallel to it, it is clear that we induce only
a small portion of current compared with the concentric
movement described above. It can be seen in Fig. 15 that,
away from the axis of the bar magnet, we derive only the
difference of the flow intensity between the nanoparticles
near to the poles and those located farther away. If there
were no difference between the vortex intensities, an
induction would be impossible because we have an equal
flow sense of the nanovortices away from the bar magnet
and because these nanovortices would cancel out each other
in the coil as was described with reference to the channel
example. Of course, the direction of the induced
differential current depends upon the flow direction of
those nanovortices which are located near the poles and
thus have a larger flow intensity. When we move the coil
within the neutral zone of the bar magnet towards the
latter, we again impinge on the ascending vortices of the
nanoparticles and derive their potentials in the coil.
Here, too, we induce the difference between the nearer and
the farther nanovortices. During the backward movement, we
impinge on the vortex sides facing the bar magnet and thus
obtain a reversion of the current direction. The
derivation of the potential of the nanovortices means that
a movement of the nanoparticles themselves or the coil
during the impingement acts as a forced intervention into
the static balance condition of the nanovortices and thus
generates a potential or gradient towards the original
balanced state. Due to their mutual vortex repulsion
within the main vortex of the bar magnet, the
nanoparticles are, so to speak, firmly anchored
resistances which make way only for forces being stronger
than the forces of their own mutual support. Without
moving, the nanoparticles thus are in a condition of
static balance. In the very moment, however, in which only
one single nanoparticle is expelled from its static
coherence by means of a coil or the like, a gradient
towards its original position is created. Thus, the vortex
of the nanoparticle flows towards the facing side of the
coil wire and transfers, in accordance with the gradient
created, its flow in the same direction to the coil wire.
So, the generation of the induction current is connected
with a mechanical working power which according to the
energy principle is the energetic equivalent to the
electromagnetic power of the induction current. 16
With
regard to the induction processes schematically
illustrated in Fig. 15 it has to be added that it is not
the same whether the induction coil is slid along the bar
magnet in a right-hand or left-hand manner. Although the
direction of the induction current is not altered at all,
mistakes might be made if one neglected to take care of
the pole alteration of the coil connections when the coil
is turned around. Again, this example proves the logical
consistency of the perceptions of the induction processes
described here. Fig. 16 shows a left-hand coil with the
view direction towards the north pole of the bar magnet of
Fig. 15. If this coil to which a galvanometer is connected
is moved away from the viewer, the impinged flow sides of
the nanovortices transfer their flows in the same
direction to the coil, i.e. counterclockwise. On the other
hand, Fig. 17 shows the coil after being turned by 180°
so that its windings appear ascending to the right. At the
same movement of the coil and the same direction of the
induction current, the galvanometer suddenly changes
because the turning of the coil was not accompanied by an
alteration of the poles of the coil connections. Proof
of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects
The
following experiment provides another clear proof of the
existence of the vortex accumulation effects. As with most
of the experiments mentioned herein, the author predicted
the course of the individual rotation directions of the
liquid in the various flow portions of the bar magnet.
Fig. 18 shows as a cross-section along the line A-B a
glass vessel into which a bar magnet was immersed. Above
and below the magnetic poles, two conical metal rings 1
and 2 are arranged, respectively. Around the magnetic
poles, two metal disks 3 and 4 are attached, respectively,
while two metal cylinders 5 and 6 surround the so-called
neutral zone of the magnet. The space in between is filled
by some polar groupings of highly magnified nanoparticles
as well as a conductive liquid which fills the glass
vessel nearly up to its rim. The drawing below the glass
vessel shows the cross-section along C-D including the
metal cylinders 5 and 6. The partial view left of the
cross-section A-B shows in the view direction E the upper
conical metal rings 1 and 2. The two partial views right
of the cross-section A-B show the metal disks 3 and 4
surrounding the poles in the view directions F and G,
while the partial view at the lower right side illustrates
the lower conical metal rings 1 and 2 in the view
direction H. If a plus and minus voltage is supplied to
the conical metal rings and the cylinders according to the
drawing with each voltage coming from a separate battery,
i.e. from a total of 5 batteries, the entire liquid
rotates in the sense of the feathered arrows in the
drawing. If the plus and minus poles, e.g. of the conical
metal rings 1 and 2, are exchanged, the liquid rotates
within these portions in the opposite direction although
the rings and cylinders 3, 4 and 5, 6 maintain the same
rotation direction as described above. If now the plus and
minus poles of the metal cylinders 5 and 6, too, the
liquid rotates in exactly the same direction as the
portions of the upper and lower metal rings 1 and 2 the
poles of which had been altered before while the portions
3 and 4 maintain their opposite direction. When we have a
somewhat closer look on the various drawings, we can
easily conceive the causes of the directing pulses.
Firstly, we find that part of the nanoparticles are metal
ions which due to the battery current migrate from the
plus metals to the respective minus metals. As soon as the
metal ions have left their plus rings and disks, they are
surrounded by the helical flows of the bar magnet (as
shown in Fig. 15) and therefore take their respective
polar position during the migration according to Fig. 18.
The same applies to the nanoparticles of the liquid. The
direction of the ionic helical vortices is determined by
the direction of the descending and ascending vortex flow
of the bar magnet, while the migration direction of the
ions or nanoparticles depends upon the direction of the
battery current. As can easily be seen in the drawings,
accumulating effects, i.e. pressure forces, emerge on one
side of the nanoparticles due to the opposite flow
directions of the vortices as well as of the battery
current, while suction forces emerge on the
equidirectional flow side which forces make the ions or
nanoparticles rotate around the bar magnet in the
direction of the feathered arrows. The effect of the
pressure and suction forces can be conceived very easily
in all figures from the arrows denoting the flow of the
battery current and the vortex arrows of the ions. 18
The
Function of the Transformer
19
After
having tried to explain a number of induction phenomena in
a simple, illustrative manner, let us now deal with the
function of a transformer. Fig. 19 shows its operating
principle, for reasons of simplicity illustrated in a form
resembling Fig. 15 except that it is not a permanent
magnet but an electromagnet. A primary coil is provided in
its center while secondary coils are provided on its
poles. The secondary coils are connected to each other so
as to have the induction current flow in the same
direction in both coils. In principle, it does not matter
whether an intermittent direct current or an alternating
current is sent through the primary coil because in both
cases an alternating current is obtained on the secondary
sides. For our description we prefer a direct current
which we interrupt by means of a pushbutton. It is known
that uninterrupted direct current cannot be transformed
because the statically balanced nanoparticles stay in
their positions. The figure shows the moment of
interrupting the primary current. We have mentioned
earlier that normally the nanoparticles are subjected to
the intensity of the earth's field and thus are spaced
apart from each other at certain distances. These natural,
given distances between the nanoparticles are smaller than
those within the field of a bar magnet or a live
conductor. So, if we deal with a permanent bar magnet as
shown in Fig. 15, the mutual distances of the
nanoparticles within the magnetic field are larger than
those within the earth's field. However, the distances
gradually become similar to those of the earth's field
proportionately with the growing distance of the
nanoparticles from the magnet as its intensity decreases.
Within the magnetic field, we would thus have a positive
pressure being largest near the poles and becoming weaker
towards the outside. It is now quite obvious that in the
moment in which the larger vortex intensity of the
nanoparticles within the magnetic field is decreased to
the normal vortex intensity of the earth's field - which
can be easily done by interrupting the current supplied to
the electromagnet - the positive pressure disappears and a
sudden migration of the nanoparticles from the outside to
the inside begins until a pressure balance with the
earth's field has been achieved, i.e. until the
nanoparticles have reached again the distances determined
by the earth's field. (The function of an oscillating
circuit, too, goes back to a positive pressure generation
within the earth's field.) In
the end, the largest vortex intensity of the nanoparticles
is nothing but the energy quantity required for making a
current flow which quantity can be more or less regained
when the current is interrupted. If the nanoparticles
migrating at high speed from the outside to the inside hit
an electric conductor as the secondary coils in our
example shown in Fig. 19, they transfer their extra or
surplus energy to the coils in the same direction as their
impinged vortex sides. However, the nanoparticles flooding
back hit not only the secondary but also the primary coils
which fact is called self-induction. Thus, a rush of
current is generated not only in the secondary coils but
also in the primary coil wherein the current direction
during the flooding-back of the nanoparticles in all coils
is the same as the current direction in the primary coil,
as becomes evident from Fig. 19. The large breaking spark
generated when the primary current is interrupted is a
result of the impingement of the nanoparticles flooding
back on the windings of the primary coil. When
we close the circuit according to Fig. 19, a flow vortex
is generated around the soft iron bar flowing in the same
direction as the primary current in accordance with our
previous considerations. All nanoparticles located around
the iron bar are seized by this vortex, charged, and
repelled from each other to larger distances depending
upon the intensity. So, when the circuit is closed, the
particles migrate from inside to outside while
transferring their potential in the direction of their
impinged vortex side to the coil windings which are hit by
them. The direction of the induced current, however, is
opposite to the primary current when the latter is closed
because this time the opposite vortex sides of the
nanoparticles are impinged on. The primary coil, too, is
hit by the nanoparticles migrating outwardly and is
induced in the opposite direction. Thus, when the circuit
is closed a rush of current is produced in the primary
coil, too, which is known as extra current the direction
of which is opposed to that of the primary current. It is
clear that this so-called extra current must be
detrimental as it weakens the primary current according to
its own power. In the case of direct current, this
disadvantage occurs only when the current is delayed
during closure and when the poles of the direct current
motors change while in the case of alternating current
each period shows this weakening in the primary coil thus
considerably decreasing efficiency. This weakening is
called recoil or reactance. As the inward and outward
movements of the nanoparticles are radial, it is easy to
understand why the quantity of induced current does not
depend upon the length or circumference of a winding, but
exclusively upon the number of windings. The
Skin Effect
20
The
function of induction becomes very clear in the so-called
skin effect of a high frequency coil according to Fig. 20.
It is known that the high frequency current of a coil
flows mainly on its inside. Fig. 20 shows the coil in view
A, in the plane view and the cross-section along C-D. The
bold, uninterrupted lines in the plane view B and the
cross-section C-D mark the location of the current flow on
the inside of the coil. When one studies the peculiarity
of the current flow on the inside of coil B with a view to
the vortex theory, one finds out that no recoil occurs
when the current is altered because the vortex direction
of the nanoparticles moving radially on hitting the
opposite part of the winding is the same as the direction
of the current flowing through this part of the winding.
However, if one observes the induction process according
to the schematic coil view A, one immediately perceives
that the nanovortices moving along the longitudinal
direction of the coil have an opposite flow direction when
they hit the next winding and thus exercise a slowing
influence on the main flow at the surface proportionate to
the induction. On the other hand, an induction effect
caused by the nanovortices flooding back occurs on the
outside of the coil only when the field decreases to zero.
In
summary, one can say that the skin effect on the inside of
a high frequency coil is caused by an addition and between
the windings by a subtraction of the induction. In
the field of electrotechnology, there is no physical
process which could not be fully explained in an
illustrative manner by means of this vortex kinematics. It
would be going too far to discuss all phenomena of
magnetism and electricity by way of examples. Therefore,
only three induction principles shall be concisely
discussed here, namely the function of the generator or a
current-generating machine, the cause of movement of a
current conductor within a magnetic field, and the
function of wireless transmission. Indeed, these three
examples indicate the existence of the statically balanced
nanoparticle vortex fields within the megavortex field of
the earth. The
Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine
21
Fig.
21 schematically illustrates the induction process in a
machine generating alternating current. For clarity, only
one winding has been drawn around the rotor. When the pole
pairs are opposite to each other, all vortex axes of the
nanoparticles are aligned parallel to the pole axis so
that the wire winding during its passage between the poles
impinges on practically all vortex sides of the
nanoparticles located in between. In the generator, not
only the windings are moved, but also the nanoparticles
flood to and fro when the rotor poles approach the stator
poles and thus increase their impact speed because their
reciprocating movement is always opposite to the movement
of the winding. As the direction of the nanovortices
between the poles is exactly equal to the direction of the
main vortex of the magnetic poles, we find the same flow
sense of the nanoparticles within the two so-called
homogeneous pole fields. If the winding is rotated
according to the feathered arrows, the upper part of the
winding impinges on the left
vortex side while the lower part impinges on the left
vortex side of the nanoparticles. This causes a
simultaneous duplication of the induction. When we swing
the winding out of the pole region, it more and more
impinges on the pole sides of the nanoparticles until,
after a 90° swing, i.e. in the so-called neutral zone,
the induction current has decreased to zero. When the
winding moves beyond this zone, the current direction
alters because the original upper part of the winding now
impinges on the left vortex
side of the lower nanoparticles while the original lower
part of the winding impinges on the left
vortex side of the upper nanoparticles. If we swing the
winding outwardly by more than 180°, the induction
current will for the second time decrease to zero at a
270° swing having then again the same direction as during
the swing within the first 90° zone. 22
In
this context, it might be of interest to also explain the
cause of the movement of a current conductor within a
magnetic field using the vortex accumulation laws. Fig. 22
shows in its upper part a cross-section of a magnetic
field between two poles and two conductors 1 and 2 and in
its lower part a cross-section along A-B. When a current
flows through both conductors in the direction of the bold
arrow, the flow direction of the nanoparticles between
conductor 1 and the magnetic field is rectified while the
flow direction of the nanoparticles between conductor 2
and the magnetic field is opposite. As a result, the
conductor 1 moves towards the magnetic field in the
direction C-C while the conductor 2 moves away from the
magnetic field in the direction D-D. So in this case, both
conductors have the same moving direction because a
suction or thinning occurs on conductor 1 and a pressure
or compression occurs on conductor 2 due to the flow
accumulation. If the current direction of the conductors
1, 2 changes, the moving direction of the conductors
changes too. The
Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth
With
regard to the current-generating machine, we face the fact
that we derive the potentials of the nanovortices
generated by the positive magnetic pressures by means of a
natural (permanent) or artificial (temporary) vortex field
and that the emerging energy gaps are filled up by a
continuous inflow of new energy from the megavortex of the
earth. In other words: we generate an electric gradient or
potential when we disturb the state of equilibrium of the
statically balanced nanoparticle vortex fields by a forced
and timed intervention.. The
Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote
Reception
Basically,
the function of wireless transmission is similar to that
of an electric conductor and an induction coil except that
the conductor is replaced by the antenna of the
transmitter and the induction coil by the antenna of the
receiver. In
both cases, the nanovortex fields distributed over the
entire earth field represent the medium of induction. We
have seen previously that with regard to induction it is
irrelevant whether the electric conductor or induction
coil or the nanovortex fields are moved in a reciprocating
manner. As the former is impossible in wireless
transmission, the nanovortex fields of the earth field
have to be moved reciprocally which can only be
implemented by intermittently charging and discharging the
nanovortex fields of the earth field. Basically, this can
be accomplished in two ways, namely quick closing and
interrupting of a direct current circuit or quick
alternation of an alternating current circuit. In all
transmission systems, the earth field is in a quick
sequence additionally charged and discharged by
irradiating electric energy in an all-round or directed
manner. In the earth field, too, the movement of the
nanoparticle vortices is always rectangular to the flow or
ray direction of the emitted energy, so that for best
reception results the antenna of the receiver must be
aligned in the ray direction, because in this case it is
impinged on by the largest number of nanovortex fields.
The rectangular movement of the nanovortices in horizontal
direction, i.e. parallel to the earth's surface, is
limited by the finiteness of the earth's circumference and
therefore weak in range and induction effect. The mutual
distances between the nanoparticles conditioned by the
natural field of the earth cannot be extended horizontally
by additional charging as it is possible vertically;
therefore, the range and the induction of the vertically
moved nanovortices are better than those of the
horizontally moved ones. The so-called reflection of short
waves on the ionospheric stratum which is registered as an
echo on the earth is connected with the vertical movement
of the nanovortices. It is highly probable that only the
additional amplification of the earth field which is
represented by an additional charge of the nanoparticle
vortices and the expansion of their distances can be
induced. As will become clear in Part Four about the
nature and spreading of light, the mutual distances of the
nanoparticle vortices expand due to solar irradiation, so
that at daytime a smaller number of nanovortices impinge
on one square centimeter than at night. As the particles,
due to the finiteness of the earth's circumference, cannot
expand horizontally as far as vertically, the density
distribution of the nanoparticle vortices around the earth
has an oval shape as in Fig. 23. As temperature, too, has
a considerable influence on the distance expansion of the
nanovortices, as explained in the next chapter, induction
further depends upon the temperature variations. The
explanation of the cause of this influence will be left to
the next chapter. 23
The
Megavortex of the Earth
We
have found that the vortex axis always extends at a right
angle to the flow and that the south pole of the axis is
always on the left side when the larger intensity of the
flow occurs above the vortex axis and the flow direction
is away from the viewer. The
Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth
When
we, with this law in mind, look at the various positions
of a bar magnet or a magnetic needle on the different
degrees of latitude and evaluate the positions with regard
to their mutual relationships and in their entirety, we
find out that there exists an east-west flow around the
earth from the equator to both sides up to higher degrees
of latitude, as well as a megavortex flowing out from the
earth, and an inflowing vortex on each of the earth's
magnetic poles. The two inflowing vortices and the one
outflowing vortex of the earth have the same flow sense as
with the bar magnet. Just as we have realized the flow
principle in the world of the small, we can apply the same
idea to the world of the big. As the earth represents only
a small part of the solar system, the vortex flow
principle must have exactly the same effect in the larger
scale of the sun as in the scale of the earth. The
Solar Gigavortex
While
the rotational axis of the flow vortex of a bar magnet
takes a position rectangular to the flow of the earth's
megavortex, the latter takes a position rectangular to the
solar flow vortex. If we have an equal flow sense of a bar
magnet and of the earth, we have consequently a rectified
vortex flow of the earth and the sun. As we have perceived
earlier, the cause of the rectangular position is the
accumulation of two opposite flows. With respect to the
bar magnet (magnetic needle), we find this accumulation on
the vortex side facing away from the earth. Thus, we have
the same flow sense of the earth and the magnet while on
the magnet's vortex side facing away from the earth there
is an opposite motion between the magnet's vortex on the
one hand and the earth's megavortex on the other. Just
like a bar magnet or a magnetic needle is kept at a right
angle to the earth's megavortex, the earth, i.e. its
magnetic pole axis, is kept approximately at a right angle
to the solar gigavortex. The
Disturbances of the Gigavortex
It
is a fact that disturbances occurring within the solar
vortex have an effect on the earth's megavortex wherein
these disturbances are passed on to the smaller vortices
and nanovortices. Thus, the daily, annual, and secular
disturbances of the solar vortex are passed on to the
earth's megavortex which bears influence on the vortices
of the bar magnets and magnetic needles which confirm in
their daily, annual, and secular deviations in
correspondence with the course of and the processes on the
sun the underlying context. In another chapter we will try
to present further reasons for these conclusions. Recording,
Geomagnetic Differential Motor
Fig.
24 and 25 show, as designed by the author, a geomagnetic
differential motor equipped with a remote transmission
system for continuous recording of the geomagnetic field.
This motor provides highly interesting insights into the
deeper relationship between the geomagnetic field and the
sun. It is known that the geomagnetic field is subject to
continuous variations between daytime and night, in the
various seasons and during cloud formation. These
variations as well as the protuberances erupting on the
front and rear side of the sun are recorded in a very
characteristic manner. Also, there seems to be a
relationship between certain earthquakes and the
geomagnetic field. For example, some steeply ascending
curves coincided nearly at an hour's accuracy with the
earthquake in southern France and the earthquake in the
pacific region in 1959. The author was also able to detect
a relationship between geomagnetism and the distances of
the sun (aphelion and perihelion). In connection with the
ideas discussed herein, this observation allows the
conclusion that the geomagnetic field is not basically an
intrinsic one but an intrinsic field of the sun
representing nothing but the solar gravity field being
contracted in correspondence with the distance of the sun.
One might conclude as well that at an appropriate distance
the gravity field of the earth also contracts and acts as
magnetic field. A number of interesting and more accurate
results will be obtained in the future when a number of
geomagnetic differential motors will continuously operate
within the various degrees of latitude and meridian
circles. 24
The
motor consists mainly of a rotor equipped with a roller
contact collector and a rotor field kept constant, plus
two stationary stator coils provided with a constant but
weaker stator field. It is the task of the latter to
compensate for the frictional forces of the rotor being
reduced to a minimum so that almost exclusively
geomagnetism will act and be recorded. Furthermore, the
zero position of the motor is determined by this constant
stator field by swinging the motor with its
north-south-axis (1-1) by 180°. In this position, the
stator field 3-4 which is connected to the motor is
adjusted so that the motor comes to a standstill. In this
position, the writing-pen of the remote recorder is put
onto the zero line. Following this adjustment, the motor
is swung back by 180° into its original position so that
the two north poles of the stator coils are directed
towards the earth's north pole. In this position, the
motor starts to operate and receives its respective speed
in accordance with the density of the earth's stator
field. This speed may vary between 10 and 100 rpm. If the
density of the earth's field increases or decreases, the
motor will operate slower or faster, respectively. Due to
the centrifugal force, the speed bears influence in radial
direction on two weights each being attached to a lever
diametrically to the other. These weights are connected
via chains with a counterweight being slidably mounted on
the rotor axis. Beneath the lower front side of this
weight, a rolling/feeling lever is arranged which
frictionless transmits the movements of the weight via a
gear to a remote transmitter resistance drum being
connected to a remote recorder. In certain intervals, an
electrically controlled pressing lever brings the feeling
lever into contact with the resistance drum and thus
transmits frictionless the respective actual values of the
geomagnetic field. Parts
of Characteristic Diagrams
Fig.
26 shows the course of the geomagnetic variations during
one week on the 49th degree of latitude and the
8th eastern meridian. Regarding the
constructive features of the geomagnetic differential
motor, it might be added that the spindle bearings of the
rotor operate in specifically designed prism ball bearings
the friction resistance of which was reduced to a minimum.
In the test model, the step-down ratio between the spindle
diameter and the balls is 1:5. The transmission of the
constant current to the collector is not accomplished by
conventional sliding contacts but by roller contacts with
a step-down ratio of 1:50. The actual friction of these
specifically designed roller contacts of the collector is
next to zero and thus prevents practically any frictional
influence even in case of a higher contact pressure.
Although the breaking sparks of the collector are mostly
extinguished by capacitors, very tiny, nearly invisible
breaking sparks on the running surfaces of the collector
and the roller wheels would in the course of time form an
oxide layer which would have an adverse effect on the
measurements due to the increasing resistance, unless the
rotor were installed in a container filled with an
indifferent gas. The top of the container formed as a
floating bell is provided with a glass window to allow a
convenient observation of the rotor. Of course, the
measurement would be ideal if the rotor were not subject
to a varying resistance by atmospheric pressure
variations, i.e. if it were installed in an evacuated
container. For
the sake of completeness, it be noted that the rotor
operates even without the stator coils 3-4, but in this
case the measurement is affected by certain friction
differences. 26
Another
interesting experiment which will be of importance for
later considerations should be mentioned in the context of
this motor. If at a short distance a soft iron bar is
arranged as a continuation of the pole axes and if a
permanent magnet is brought near its outer end, the motor
speed increases due to the influence effect. If the soft
iron bar is heated by a gas flame or the like, the motor
slows down due to the influence of heat. On the other
hand, the motor speed increases if the soft iron bar is
refrigerated. The
Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth
If
one seeks clarity about the idea underlying the design
scheme by studying the interaction of a number of
particular components, e.g. a fob watch, there are
basically two ways to arrive at the same objective. The
most obvious and usual way is to most accurately study the
laws governing the action of the various components, then
to categorize these components, to connect them and to
conclude from the function of the individual components
the function of all. This way leads from the individual
material elements to the idea of the designer. The other
way is the original, direct way from the designer's idea
to the material effectiveness of the components. When we
want to go this way, we have to try to dive into the
designer's world of ideas. We ourselves have to imitate
the designer in order to pass from the task to the idea
and from the idea to the individual components. We
ourselves have to impose the regularity on the element and
to determine and calculate the individual, group and total
functions beforehand. If our expectations are met, our
modeled ideas and thoughts were correct.
If our expectations are met only in part or not at
all, we have perceived the designer's idea only partially
or not at all. We may denote the first way as the
empirical, experience-bound way from the material to the
spiritual world of ideas and the second way as the
perceptional way from the spiritual to the material world.
In our further considerations, we prefer to follow the
perceptional way. It is the more difficult one but it
leads us to our objective safer and faster. In
order to illustrate and explain the various induction
processes in our considerations, we had to assume
invisible power flows as they are familiar to us with a
view to the laws of gas and liquid flows. This assumption
even allowed us to determine the directions of the
invisible flows and the basic relationships between
earthly and cosmic processes. We called these invisible
power flows actual solar electricity. The
Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity
We
can imagine this actual solar electricity as the east-west
helical flow originating from the sun the effect of which
represents the solar gravity throughout the entire solar
system. We shall discuss this relations in more detail
below. For now, let us just state that the effect of this
actual solar electricity resembles the aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic flow laws. Hence, we have to assign to the
actual solar electricity similar properties such as
expansion due to heat and contraction due to coldness as
well as the fact that heat is generated by motion,
friction, accumulation while coldness is generated by the
absence of friction and accumulation, i.e. by rest. One
might say as well that the heat pole is related to motion
and the coldness pole to rest. Thus, the actual solar
electricity is the moving electricity while the potential
electricity is the resting electricity being at the lowest
coldness pole. These relationships, too, will be dealt
with in greater detail below. The potential electricity or
energy is the original physical condition of all
substances, so it is the first physical condition of
matter and forms the prerequisite for the gaseous
condition just as the latter forms the prerequisite for
the liquid condition and this on its turn forms again the
prerequisite for the solid condition. Therefore, the
potential electricity or energy is to be regarded as the
building material of the material world. The
Nature of Heat and Coldness
If
we apply our perception that the state of heat is only a
result of friction and accumulation to our actual
electricity, we find out the following: From this point of
view, let us have another, closer look on the figures
shown above. We realize accumulations of opposite vortex
flows in all spaces between the nanoparticles. So these
accumulations must generate heat irrespective of whether
we look at an artificial or a natural vortex field such as
the one generated by a permanent magnet. As the actual
solar electricity whirls the nanoparticles around more or
less intensively depending upon their substance and
physical condition, we can observe a certain heat
condition of the matter due to this accumulation. It is
known that in regions which lack solar irradiation for
several months temperature never falls below -67°C. This
ostensible temperature retention is on the one hand a
result of the accumulation of opposite nanoparticle
vortices caused by the actual solar electricity and the
actual geoelectricity and on the other hand by the
nanoparticle ball accumulation zones which will be
discussed later. Certain substances such as substances
containing radium have a higher
accumulation heat due to their internal structure.
But similar to the fact that the final temperature of an
artificially generated vortex field of an electric
conductor cannot be exceeded because the amount of heat
continuously delivered to the environment equals the heat
generated by the accumulation of the actual solar
electricity flowing through, the final temperature of the
vortex field of these substances cannot exceed a certain
amount above the ambient temperature. Within an electric
conductor there are no vortices to be found in the
conductor axis because the nanoparticles of the conducting
substance located are surrounded by flows on all sides.
The vortex formation increases towards the edge of the
conductor cross-section proportionate to the radius from
the conductor axis so that the vortex intensity of the
nanoparticles is strongest on the edge or near the surface
of the electric conductor. The
Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of
Thermal conduction
If
an electric conductor contained only those nanoparticles
which we have described above as being particles located
in the space outside the conductor, only little vortex
formation and accumulation heat generation would occur
inside the conductor so that the spreading of vortices
(thermal conduction) would be faster and the specific
resistance be smaller. But in practice we find different
vortex intensities and vortex spreading velocities
depending upon the structure and material condition of the
conductor. One can say that high and dense vortex
intensities spread slowly to the adjacent particles
because a large vortex formation or large charge requires
a certain amount of time. Large vortex intensities cause
large accumulations, i.e. strong heat generation. Hence,
large accumulations result in a high resistance.
Alternatively, one can say that low vortex intensities
spread very quickly to the adjacent particles because a
lower charge naturally requires less time. Small vortex
intensities cause small accumulations and little heat
generation and thus a low resistance. Silver, for example,
has a specific resistance of approx. 0.016 ohm and a
thermal conduction level of 0.00035064 kcal at a length of
one meter, a cross-section of one square millimeter and a
one-hour temperature difference, while graphite has a
resistance of 40 ohm and a thermal conduction of only
0.00000360 kcal while the other conditions are similar to
those of the silver example. The
vortex intensity of the material nanoparticles cannot be
increased infinitely as there exists a saturation limit. The
Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to
Temperature Increase
As
described in greater detail below, the resistance must
increase until the saturation limit has been reached while
it must decrease when this limit is exceeded. This
saturation limit has long been exceeded in some
non-metallic substances such as carbon in its graphite
form, lead superoxide, manganese superoxide, silicon and
carbide due to their high specific resistances and low
thermal conduction or spreading values. Hence their
specific resistance decreases at a temperature increase
while the specific resistance of metallic substances
having less resistance and higher thermal conduction
coefficients increases at a temperature increase. As soon
as the saturation limit has been reached, the expansion or
thinning of the actual solar electricity becomes effective
when the temperature increases. The accumulation and with
it the resistance decrease. The
specific resistance and the thermal conduction within a
substance are reciprocal values, i.e. they have a
reciprocal relation with each other. In order to let these
reciprocal values become like, a Joule effect expressed in
kcal generated by the specific resistance must be used in
the same time unit. Accordingly, the Joule effect of
silver is: Q=0.00024•J2•W•t=0.00024•12•0.016•36=0.014
kcal/h. In
comparison, the Joule effect of graphite is: Q=0.00024•12•40•3,600=34.560
kcal/h. The
Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence
As
the thermal conduction coefficient is an expression of the
velocity of charging and the Joule effect a measure for
the receiving capacity of the nanoparticles of a
conducting substance, the product of both factors is a
measure of power or intensity of the charged nanoparticle
vortices. When one calculates the vortex intensities of a
number of substances and puts them in a list according to
the magnitude, one can see that this order of magnitude
corresponds in principle with the empirical thermoelectric
voltage sequence. The following table comprises the
author's calculation of some conducting substances in
their order of magnitude one below the other. The vortex
intensity relates to a substance temperature of 18° C. At
lower or higher temperatures the sequence of vortex
intensities and accordingly the thermoelectric voltage
sequence changes due to the excess or underflow of the
saturation limit.
The
Nature of Thermoelectricity
If
two different substances are joined and heated at the
joining point, it becomes obvious that no vortex
equilibrium can exist at the right and the left of the
joining point because the vortex intensity on one side is
higher than on the other side. So, a clear potential or
gradient exists here.
As a necessity, an electricity flow starts from the
higher to the lower vortex intensity, i.e. the expanding
actual solar electricity flows from the substance with the
higher temperature increase to the substance having the
lower one. In correspondence with its nature, the actual
solar electricity expanded by the heat always flows to the
colder zone. The larger the heat difference, the steeper
the flow gradient. However, it is also important for the
flow direction which substance has the lower resistance
during the temperature increase, i.e. which nanoparticles
have already exceeded the charge saturation limit. In view
of the aforementioned, to generate a thermal current does
not require the joining of two different substances, but
it is sufficient to heat a conducting substance at any
spot and to move either the heat source or the heated spot
to and fro. If in a first test the heat source is kept
stationary beneath the conducting substance, a vortex
intensity or potential equilibrium exists on both sides.
The expanded actual solar electricity tries to flow off to
both colder sides but remains balanced due to the state of
equilibrium. Thus, the equal gradients flowing off on both
opposite sides cancel each other out. If the heat source
is shifted to the right or the left, the potential
equilibrium is disturbed, and the expanded actual solar
electricity begins to flow off to the side having the
lower specific resistance. As we have found out earlier,
the increase or decrease of the specific resistance in
case of a temperature increase depends upon the vortex
saturation limit. For this reason, the current direction
is equal to the moving direction of the heat source with
regard to a number of substances such as copper, while
with regard to carbon-containing iron and other substances
having a low thermal conduction coefficient the current
direction is opposite to the moving direction of the heat
source. If in the case of copper the heat source is moved
to the right, the higher thermal capacity is located at
the left. As the specific resistance of copper rises
together with the heating, the current finds the lower
resistance on the right side having the lower thermal
capacity and hence flows off towards the right side. If
one moves the heat source to the right beneath substances
having a low thermal conduction coefficient such as coal,
lead, stibium, carbon-containing iron, the specific
resistance on the left side having the highest thermal
capacity is lower, due to the oversaturation of the
vortex, than on the right side having the lower thermal
capacity. Consequently, the current does not flow to the
right but to the left, i.e. opposite to the movement of
the heat source. The
potential equilibrium of an electric conductor can also be
disturbed by heating one end of the conductor and
positioning the other cold end onto the heated end. In the
same moment, the potential equilibrium is significantly
disturbed, and the current flows, exactly as described
above, to the side having the lower resistance until the
state of equilibrium is reached again by heating the cold
part of the electric conductor. The
Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the
Year
It
is known that the hottest and coldest days of the year do
not coincide with the longest day on June 21st
and the shortest day on December 21st, but we
have the hottest days approximately in mid-July and the
coldest days approximately in mid-January. One has to
assume on the basis of the previous considerations that
the highest and the lowest temperatures of the year cannot
occur during the time of the longest and shortest days
because at those times, so to speak, a resting state
exists in the distance grouping of the nanoparticles. Only
after the change of the day lengths and midday heights of
the sun the earth's surface and with it the actual solar
electricity flowing around the earth are heated up
differently. The solar irradiation begins to weaken only
after June 21st causing a gradual contraction
of the actual solar electricity, i.e. the distances
between the nanoparticles in the atmosphere become smaller
and their vortex accumulation heat larger because there
exists a larger accumulation density per area unit. So,
the additional larger accumulation heat of the opposite
nanoparticle vortices has to be added to the relatively
strong solar irradiation in mid-July. The same applies -
in the opposite sense - to the winter. The increase of the
solar irradiation and hence the gradual expansion of the
actual solar electricity or distance increase between the
nanoparticle vortices starts only after December 21st
causing a relative decrease of the accumulation heat. In
addition to the solar irradiation being still weak in
mid-January, the expansion of the mutual distances between
the nanovortices and hence the decreasing accumulation
heat withdraw additional heat from the earth. For these
reasons, the hottest and coldest days cannot occur on June
21st and December 21st, but only
some time later when the distance changes of the
nanovortices have started and the effect of the solar
irradiation does not yet decisively influence on the
temperature increase or decrease on the surface of the
earth. The practical utilization of this perception
regarding heat and coldness will probably be in the near
future that very high thermal degrees will be achieved by
a periodically swelling voltage increase of magnetic
fields while a very low coldness will be reached by
enlarging the distances between the nanoparticle vortices
and reaching highest thermal degrees in the opposite sense
by reducing the voltage, i.e. by shortening the distances
between the nanovortices. It
goes without saying that there exists an internal
relationship between the law of coldness generation by
increasing the distances between the vortex fields and
heat generation by decreasing the distances between the
vortex fields and the law of the expansion and contraction
of solid, liquid, and especially gaseous substances at hot
and cold conditions as well as voltage change. In all
cases, the actual electricity flowing around all
nanoparticles is the cause of the expansion and
contraction of substances. Expansion is caused by voltage
increase and contraction by voltage decrease of the actual
electricity. The voltage increase is accomplished either
by heat or by increasing the current gradient while the
voltage decrease is accomplished either by coldness or by
decreasing the gradient. The distances between the
vortices become larger or smaller depending upon their
intensity. However, not only the actual solar electricity
but also the actual geoelectricity is involved in the
expansion and contraction of substances. The latter is
specifically earthly and has its origin inside the earth.
The actual geoelectricity which will be further explained
in the following chapters is the cause of the earth's
gravity. It differs from the actual solar electricity only
in its voltage condition. The actual solar electricity
comes from the sun and has, due to the large distance from
the sun, on the earth's surface not the same high voltage
as the actual geoelectricity the distance of which to the
inside, i.e. to the zone of dynamic equilibrium, of the
earth is relatively short. Due to its high voltage
condition, it cannot be measured in the same manner as the
actual solar electricity. Only the force of the falling
acceleration provides a direct measure of its voltage
condition. Thus, the actual solar electricity has on the
earth's surface a voltage condition and density in
accordance with the distance from the sun while the actual
geoelectricity has a voltage and density corresponding to
the earth. All earthly substances are subject to the
vortex of the actual geoelectricity but also to the actual
solar electricity in the same flowing sense, differing in
the fact that the geoelectricity has, due to the distance,
a significantly higher voltage and lower density than the
actual solar electricity, the effect of which was
perceived as the geomagnetic field in the discussion of
the geomagnetic differential motor. The
Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General
Weather Situation
The
actual solar electricity exercises a considerable
influence especially on substances in a gaseous physical
condition. The atmosphere, for instance, is continuously
affected by this influence. If the vortex intensity of the
actual solar electricity increases within the earth's
field, the air pressure decreases, while the air pressure
increases when the actual solar electricity decreases. By
and large, one can say that the influence of the actual
solar electricity determines the general weather situation
on the earth. Likewise, the actual solar electricity is,
irrespective of the solar irradiation, considerably
involved in the phenomena of heat and coldness. We also
have to make a difference whether the field of the actual
solar electricity - with or without solar irradiation -
increases or decreases. Generally, it can be said that the
decrease of the actual solar electricity field causes a
temperature rise and the decrease a temperature decline
just because the heat is a result of the opposite actual
solar electricity's nanovortex accumulation and the
distance change of the nanovortices. The
Formation of Clouds and Hail
During
the formation of clouds and hail we can observe that
coldness occurs when the field of actual solar electricity
increases considerably causing the condensation of the
water steam in the atmosphere which results in the
formation of clouds, hail, and thunderstorms, i.e. a
discharge of the actual solar electricity (lightning).
Also, the distance increase between the nanoparticles
makes the atmosphere more transparent thus expanding and
enlarging the range of view. The practical utilization of
this new perception will in the near future allow to
exercise a considerable influence on the local weather
situation. It will be possible to prevent, for example, a
local hail by inducing the charged earth's field by quick
movements of the nanoparticles - either by artificial
lightnings or by explosion-like vibrations. To this end,
appropriately designed and well grounded antennas would
have to be positioned in the regions to be protected. On
the other hand, rain could be generated by charging the
earth's field. Large-scale tests would be necessary to
find out how this charging could be performed best. It
might be possible, for example, to spread finely
distributed, electrically charged substances by planes
flying in large heights. This extra charge of the
atmospheric nanoparticles would increase their mutual
distances causing a cooling effect and thus a condensation
of the atmospheric water steam which would then fall down
as rain. The aforementioned coldness generation by voltage
increase would thus already exist in nature. The
Cause of the Absolute Zero Point
As,
according to this vortex theory, electricity and actual
solar electricity are alike and differ only with respect
to voltage and density, the phenomena of accumulation,
heat and resistance must also be the same. As heat is
generated by an accumulation caused by the opposite
vortices, this accumulation may also be denoted simply as
resistance of the actual solar electricity. When in case
of pure metals the electric resistance, which is just a
result of the vortex accumulation effect of the electric
current, amounts to approximately 0.4 % per degree of
temperature decline, this must apply to gases, too, when
the temperature decline is to correspond with the decrease
of the opposite vortex accumulation. This is the case
indeed because the accumulation decrease of gases is at
the same time connected with a distance decrease of the
nanoparticles and thus with a volume reduction which,
although not evenly down to the lowest temperatures,
amounts to 0.3662 % per degree of temperature decline,
i.e. the resistance of the actual solar electricity
decreases in gases by 0.3662 % per degree of temperature
decline, while it or the electricity amounts to 0.4 % in
pure metals such as copper, lead, aluminum. So it is easy
to calculate that at 100 % or a temperature decline of
minus 273 °C the resistance and hence the vortex
accumulation and accumulation heat must completely
disappear. In other words, this would mean that starting
from -273 °C the actual solar electricity within the
substances is no longer subject to vortex formation and
therefore flows through the substances without any
accumulation or resistance. The only reason for this
behavior of the electricity can be the fact that the
actual solar electricity which arrives on the earth at a
certain density and voltage is neither expanded nor
contracted exactly at minus 273 °C, i.e. that exactly
this temperature corresponds with its voltage condition on
arrival. So the actual solar electricity would no longer
have any vortex gradient, accumulation and heat generation
beyond minus 273 °C. However, the actual geoelectricity
remains unaffected by this temperature because its voltage
condition is much higher than that of the actual solar
electricity. Due to the voltage dependence of the actual
solar electricity upon the distance between the sun and
the earth, a turning point occurs in the regularity of the
kinetic gas theory at approximately -273 °C. The laws of
the kinetic gas theory are no longer applicable beyond
this turning point. The
clear consideration shows that although we are unable at
present to lower the temperature below -273 °C, there is
no reason to stop at this temperature in our further
reflections. Indeed, the inexorable law of logic lets us
assume with a view to the structure of substances
described in Part Two that temperatures far below -273 °C
are possible and legitimate. Furthermore we come to
perceive that the temperature of -273 °C is a
specifically earthly value which must not be applied to
celestial bodies having other distances from the sun, and
that indeed each celestial body within the solar system
has its own specific so-called absolute zero point. For
instance, the mean specific absolute zero points in °C of
our planets would be as follows:
In
the experimental determination of the lowest temperature
the nearest and farthest distances from the sun must be
taken into account because both have to produce different
results. Summary
Now
that the author has made an attempt to roughly outline the
new, universally effective vortex law, we do not want to
conclude our considerations without looking once again at
the essential features and characteristics of this law in
order to perhaps further illuminating some of the new
perceptions. For the sake of clarity and brevity, let us
put the perceptions obtained in an alphabetical order as
independent members of the integral whole. 1.
Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion
The
so-called attraction which we denote as contact pressure
according to our ideas always means pressing forces acting
in space from outward to inward, i.e. in a centripetal
way, while repulsion means centrifugal forces. In order to
make this difference clear we have to start from the
normal condition of the earth's field. We know now that
the nanoparticles or energy balls in the earth's field
have definite mutual distances. When we deal with e.g. a
bar magnet within the earth's field, we realize that the
energy balls of the earth's field are additionally charged
at the poles of the bar magnet by the descending pole
vortices and therefore are spaced farther apart near the
poles than elsewhere. Thus, in the region near the poles
we have, so to speak, an energy ball dilution which
appears within the earth's field as a positive pressure
because the earth's field always attempts to achieve the
normal distances of the energy balls. When we move the
south pole of a second bar magnet towards the vicinity of
the north pole of the first bar magnet, as shown in Fig.
27, the state of static equilibrium of the energy balls is
disturbed as soon as the two diluted energy ball spheres
come into mutual engagement. Now the earth's field
attempts via the outside pressure to push into each other the two diluted energy ball spheres
despite of their opposite polarities in order to achieve a
state of equilibrium in the smallest space. This pushing
into each other, however, is possible only because the
vortex flows between the energy balls of the unequal poles
have the same flow sense and hence do neither accumulate
nor repel each other. 27
Repulsion
only means that the flow sense between the energy balls of
equal poles is opposite and causes an accumulating effect
which in its entirety acts against the action of pushing
the diluted spheres into each other. In general, all
chemical compounds and reactions are based on the same
principle of contact pressure and repulsion as we will see
later. 2.
Electricity
In
its nature, electricity is concentrated actual solar
electricity, the gradient of which relative to the normal
condition of the earth's field can be either positive or
negative. As electricity is always induced by disturbing
the state of equilibrium of the earth's field, there
exists always a balance between positive and negative. The
disturbance of the state of equilibrium may be
accomplished in different ways: 1)
by
mechanically shifting the energy balls within a statically
balanced energy ball field (induction, frictional electricity); 2)
by
producing a thermal gradient by means of differing vortex
potentials (thermoelectricity, galvanic electricity); 3)
by
evacuating the potential core electricity of an energy
ball (photonic rocket, photostream). 3.
Potential and actual geoelectricity
The
potential geoelectricity has its origin in the center of
the earth and was ejected out of the sun in a tremendous
eruption in the most distant past. On the other hand, the
actual geoelectricity is that force which, like the actual
solar electricity, flows in an east-west direction from
the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium as an ascending,
highly tense helical stream around the earth, whirls
around all substances and presses them towards the earth
by means the emerging accumulating effects. This means
that the substances are not attracted, but pressed against
the earth in a centripetal direction. Indeed, the actual
geoelectricity is the earth's gravity. The actual
geoelectricity influences in part on the moon's orbit
around the earth and is further, in combination with the
position of the moon, the cause of low and high tide. All
further details will be discussed in a later chapter. 4.
Geomagnetic field
The
inhomogeneous megavortex of the earth contains a vast
number of energy balls the distances between which depend
upon the intensity of the megavortex, the temperature and
the solar irradiation. Due to the inhomogeneous
megavortex, all vortices of the energy balls have the same
flow sense. The solar irradiation additionally charges the
energy ball vortices located on the daylight side so that
their mutual distances are increased. Thus, the number of
energy balls impinging on one square centimeter on the
daylight side is smaller than on the night side where the
energy ball density is higher. One might say that on the
daylight side a blowout or distance expansion of the
energy balls occurs - or one might as well say a reduction
of the number of energy balls per spatial unit, while on
the night side a contraction by distance reduction or an
increase of the number of energy balls per spatial unit
occurs. If one wants to induce the geomagnetic field, the
highest current is obtained when the induction coil is
moved towards the equator of the energy balls the south
poles of which are all directed towards the magnetic north
pole of the earth wherein the inclination and the
deviations caused by field disturbances have to be taken
into account. If the coil is moved towards their poles,
the current also equals zero. With respect to the
geomagnetic field, too, it is possible - as described with
a view to the magnetic field of an electric conductor or a
magnet - to keep the induction coil stationary while
moving the energy balls in a reciprocal way as soon as the
geomagnetic field is subject to periodic and additional
amplification. The latter can be achieved by
high-frequency currents (transmitters). In this case, the
induction coil would be the receiving antenna. It is
obvious that only the additional amplification of the
geomagnetic field which causes a charging of the energy
ball vortices and an increase of the distances between
them can be induced. It is further clear that the best
induction is only possible at night and at the same time
at a low temperature because in this process a larger
quantity of energy ball vortices per square centimeter is
impinged on than at daytime and higher temperatures. The
directing effect of the transmitters is caused by the fact
that the additional amplification of the geomagnetic field
spreads the electric transmitting energy in a ray-like
manner and lets the energy balls move rectangularly to the
ray direction by means of the conditioned additional
charge. The best induction or the best reception is
ensured only when the antenna is aligned in the ray
direction because the largest number of energy balls is
induced by the movement across the ray or flow direction.
The rectangular movement of the energy balls towards the
earth's surface is limited by the finiteness of the
earth's circumference and therefore has only a weak
induction effect. The energy balls cannot enlarge their
mutual distances in a horizontal direction as far as it is
possible in a vertical direction. Hence the induction or
reception of the vertically moved energy balls is better
than that of the horizontally moved balls, and the range
is wider in the former case. Depending upon the vertical
distance expansion of the energy balls, the time of the
reciprocal movement will also differ. If in case of a
transmission pulse the blowout towards outer space is
large - which is to be expected particularly on summer
days -, the rear movement pulse will require more time
than vice versa. As the vertical induction of the energy
balls is better than the horizontal one, it is recommended
to design the antenna as horizontal strips having a wide
and horizontal plane base. Proportionate
to the distance from the earth, the mutual distances of
the energy balls become smaller so that the concentration
towards outer space continuously increases just as we have
seen the distance reduction of the balls in the fields of
the magnets and electric conductors proportionate to the
distance. 5.
Heat
As
regards its nature, heat is accumulated actual solar
electricity. Wherever equal opposite electricity flows
occur, they cancel out each other's effect. But wherever
inhomogeneous electricity flows occur, as in all vortex
fields, accumulation, friction and hence heat and
expansion of the actual electricity is produced by the
flows penetrating each other in opposite directions. The
vortex intensity of the energy balls increases, and their
mutual distances become wider. The number of energy balls
per spatial or area unit is reduced causing a positive
pressure in that unit. 6.
Induction
As
regards its nature, induction is based upon a shift or
disturbance of the state of equilibrium of the statically
mutually aligned energy ball vortex fields. Induction can
be fully understood only if one imagines the entire
geomagnetic field as being completely filled with
nanoparticle vortices. These nanovortices are spaced apart
at definite distances in accordance with the flow
intensity of the geomagnetic field. If these given
distances are additionally expanded by the inhomogeneous
vortex field of a permanent or temporary magnet or by the
inhomogeneous flow field of an electric conductor causing
a charging of the nanovortices, the nanovortices move
outward until a state of static equilibrium between the
geomagnetic field and the additional field is regained.
When the nanovortices hit a closed conductor (induction
coil) during their migration, they hand over their
additional charge in the same direction as that of the
vortex side impinged on. When the additional charge
disappears due to a current interruption, the nanovortices
move back to their original position and hand over their
additional charge to the induction conductor when hitting
it. However, as the vortices hit the opposite side when
flooding back, the flow direction of the induced current
is reverse this time. The same induction effect can be
achieved when the nanovortices remain stationary while the
induction conductor is moved towards the equators of the
nanovortices. The pole axis of the nanovortices always
takes a position rectangular to the flow field (see also
Geomagnetic field.) 7.
Potential and actual lunar electricity
As
regards its nature, the lunar electricity is geo- and in
the end solar electricity. The potential electricity has
its origin in the center of the moon and is also on the
absolute cosmic coldness limit. Just as the earth was once
ejected out of the sun, the moon as a volume of potential
energy was eruptively ejected out of the earth. The actual
lunar electricity causes the gravity on the moon. All
other moons of the other planets have had a similar fate
and also possess potential and actual electricity. 8.
Negative electricity
(see
positive electricity) 9.
Planetary zero point
Each
planet has its own (absolute) zero point which, depending
upon the distance from the sun, is highest with respect to
Mercury and lowest with respect to Uranus, Neptune and
Pluto. Due to the increasing distance from the sun, the
voltage of the actual solar electricity decreases as a
result of the temperature decline while its density per
spatial unit increases at the same ratio. Thus, the
actual solar electricity whirls around every planet
and its substances at a different voltage and density and
expresses itself as magnetism. As with regard to
substances being in the gaseous physical state the mutual
distance of the energy balls and their accumulation heat
is caused mainly upon the voltage and intensity of the
actual solar electricity, these distances and likewise the
accumulation heat change when its voltage changes. If one
wants to achieve lowest temperatures on a planet, e.g. on
the earth, then this is possible only down to that degree
at which the existing voltage of the actual solar
electricity can no longer be raised by lowering the
temperature of the energy balls' zones of dynamic
equilibrium. From this point onwards, the temperature
achieved in the zone of equilibrium prevents the actual
solar electricity from further expanding so that no more
vortex formation and accumulation heat generation occur.
Hence, it is impossible to reach temperatures below -273
°C by known methods because from there onwards the actual
solar electricity no longer acts as accumulation heat
generator. In accordance with the different actual solar
electricity on the other planets the achievable lowest
coldness limit relative to their actual planetary
electricity voltage is also different. This achievable
coldness limit, however, has nothing to do with the
absolute cosmic coldness limit of the lowest hollow space
temperature of the sun, the planets and the moons. 10.
Positive and negative electricity
Actually,
the two kinds of electricity differ only in their opposite
deviation from the normal condition of the geomagnetic
field and in the direction of the gradient or potential.
In order to make this difference clear we have to start
from the notion of a normal condition of the geomagnetic
field. The normal condition is that condition of the
geomagnetic field in which the mutual vortex distances of
the energy balls or nanoparticles is determined without
outside intervention such as additional amplification or
weakening of the geomagnetic field. If the distances
between the energy balls are enlarged by additional
charging - which is similar to a reduction of the number
of energy balls per spatial unit and is obviously best
possible at the surface of substances -,
we have positive electricity before us, as soon as
the energy balls give away their additional vortex charge
and return to their normal condition. In this case, the
extra actual solar electricity flows
outward from the inside, i.e. centrifugally. If,
however, the mutual distances between the energy balls are
reduced by reducing their normal charge determined by the
geomagnetic field - which means an energy ball increase
per spatial or area unit -, we have negative electricity
before us, as soon as the energy balls regain their
lacking vortex charge and return to their normal
condition. This time, however, the charging actual solar
electricity flows inward from outside, i.e. centripetally,
until the energy balls have achieved their normal
condition again. When we in this context compare
Lichtenberg's patterns as shown in Fig. 28 and Fig. 29, we
find the complete confirmation of the aforementioned. The
present conventional idea that the electric current flows
from the minus to the plus pole has caused some confusion
even among experts. This idea was based on the migration
of the electrons which runs opposite to the current flow
rearward through the vortices. Also, it is not quite clear
why just the negative pole is described as having many and
the positive pole as having few electrons. If, in order to
avoid this confusion, the minus and plus signs had been
consequently exchanged, this would have corresponded to
the internal current flow, but in practice this new pole
designation would have caused even more confusion. 28
According
to the vortex laws described herein, the whole matter is
no problem at all. We have perceived that a higher vortex
intensity exists on the positive side than on the negative
side. Therefore, larger vortex distances, i.e. less energy
balls per area or spatial unit, are present at the
positive pole than at the negative pole. So, one might
denote the negative pole as having many and the positive
pole as having few energy balls (Fig. 30). The force which
causes the distance grouping of the energy balls is the
actual solar electricity whirling around the energy balls.
The higher the vortex intensity, the larger the distances
between the energy balls and the higher the voltage of the
actual electricity. As the distance expansion and
distance reduction of the energy balls can only take place
on the surface of solid substances but not in their
inside, the voltage compensation of the vortex intensities
takes place via the liquid from surface to surface in
spite of the higher internal resistance. It would be wrong
to say that the current flowed from minus to plus, because
it is a fact that the positive electricity or the gradient
originates from the substance having the highest vortex
intensity and indeed the least number of mobile energy
balls on its surface. The positive electricity or the
gradient of the solar electricity always originates from
the substance allowing on its surface the higher vortex
intensity by detaching the energy balls so that it
consequently corrodes.
30
Thus,
the usual pole denomination is correct only in a qualified
manner and applies only to the external current flow. The
internal current flow streams from the positive substance
to the negative one. Hence, it is wrong, absurd and
incorrect to say that the current flowed from the minus to
the plus pole. But if a difference is made between
internal and external current flow, the controversy has
been settled once and for all, and the current flows in
the internal as well as in the external circuit always
from the plus pole to the minus pole wherein, of course,
the positive, current-supplying plus pole is located at
the beginning of the internal current flow. 11.
Potential and actual
solar electricity
The
potential solar electricity is the first physical
condition of matter. Its origin is the center of the sun
at the lowest cosmic coldness limit. The transition from
the potential to the actual solar electricity forms the
zone of dynamic equilibrium of the sun. The temperature of
this zone is about 6,000 °C. In its potential state, the
solar electricity has its highest density and its least
voltage. It is the initial state of force. The actual
solar electricity flows continuously from the zone of
dynamic equilibrium of the sun towards both sides of the
sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude from the east
to the west in ascending spirals and thus encompasses the
entire solar system. The effect of this helical flow is
the sun's gravity and the cause of the sun's rotation
around its own axis from the east to the west as well as
of the orbits of planets, planetoids and moons around the
sun. Further, it is the cause of magnetism and of the
specific earthly zero point of minus 273 °C. 12.
Prospects to new tasks
After
having clarifies the deeper regularities of magnetic and
electric fields, the question arises whether it were
possible to utilize the gradient of the actual solar
electricity, which we have recognized as an east-west flow
in our earth, for the benefit of mankind, just as it is
possible to transform air or water flows or air or water
gradients into usable energy. Indeed, we utilize this
gradient in the dynamo machine by expending much energy,
but not in the naturally given way. The utilization of
this gradient in contemporary dynamo machines is finally
the same act as if we would pump the water which nature
supplies us as rain in low plains up to the mountains and
then transform the resulting gradient into energy.
Nowadays, we tap this natural east-west flow from the
poles of permanent and temporary magnets, i.e. from the
descending helical flows, instead of designing facilities
to catch the east-west flow either directly by generating
natural gradients or to catch the escaping ascending
helical flows by physical manipulations, in which case
diamagnetic substances would have to act as mediators if
applied in the correct flow sense.
Part
Two
The
Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation
In
the first part of our dealing with the vortex theory, we
have sought clarity about the nature of heat and found out
that that the potential solar electricity as well as the
potential geoelectricity are, in their primeval physical
condition, at the absolute cosmic zero point and that the
actual solar electricity always attempts to approach its
primeval condition, i.e. coldness. We have also pointed to
the equal nature of solar and geoelectricity realizing
that on the earth they differ only in their different
voltage condition and their density. Our logical thinking
had to come to the conclusion that the so-called absolute
zero point of -273 °C in no way has to be the lowest
cosmic absolute zero point. When mentioning a cosmic
absolute zero point hereinafter, let us relate the term
"absolute" only to our solar system. The
Formation of Substance
After
we have removed our ideas and thoughts a little bit from
the conventional and familiar, let us put up a more basic
hypothesis on the basis of our previous studies. Should
this hypothesis be near to the absolute truth, it would
have to be able to explain all phenomena of the natural
sciences without exception. We shall realize that we are
next to truth when we deal with the phenomenon of light
and the motion laws in our solar system. At first, we have
to try to correct our idea that -273°C is the lowest
coldness limit. When at nearly -273 °C the electric
current passes through a conductor without any resistance,
our perception found here suggests that no vortex
accumulation occurs at that point. The electric current
does not find any gradient towards the nanoparticles of
the conducting substance; hence the current flows without
vortex formation and thus without accumulation or
resistance and without heat generation. What we nowadays
measure as temperature is only the accumulation
temperature between the substance particles but not their
core temperature. As soon as the opposite flow
accumulation ceases, we have reached -273 °C. At this
temperature, it seems that the actual solar electricity
ejected from the sun has reached its highest density on
the earth in accordance with the distance between the sun
and the earth. Before we deal with the aforementioned
hypothesis in greater detail, we have to understand by
means of the following consideration that it is easily
clear that temperatures far below -273 °C must exist. Let
us make the following consideration about the law of force
and counterforce found by Newton and proven in classical
physics by numerous tests: It is known that one gram of
Radium sets free 10 billion Joule of heat up to its
complete disintegration. When calculated as to the heat
equivalent, this would equal
2,390,000 kcal. Let us now assume that these
2,390,000 kcal would suddenly be released by any event
while on the other hand this release were to be
efficiently countered. Nobody will doubt that this release
might be efficiently countered by coldness. So an equal
amount of coldness would have to be confronted with this
heat of 2,370,000 kcal in order to create an equilibrium
so as to avert the enormous danger inherent in such heat
release. But as a sudden release is impossible under
normal conditions, it has to be assumed that a continuous
balance of heat and coldness exists, i.e. that force and
counterforce are always balanced. The force would be the
potential energy or potential solar electricity in the
core of each substance particle at its lowest coldness
limit. One can imagine that this potential energy resting
in itself can only maintain itself in this enormous
coldness condition. The counterforce would be the force
which we have learned to be the actual solar electricity
which due to the outside temperature attempts to approach
its primeval condition, i.e. the coldness limit. The zone
in which force and counterforce are balanced would be the
zone of dynamic equilibrium of a nanoparticle or a moon, a
planet, or the sun. If one wanted to disturb the balanced
state of this potential energy, this would only be
possible by changing the outside temperature because by
doing so the force balance of force and counterforce would
be shifted outward or inward. At an increase of the
outside temperature, the diameter of the dynamic zone of
equilibrium would become larger
while it would be smaller if the outside
temperature were lowered. As substances having a different
atomic weight also have different core temperatures in
accordance with Joule's equivalent, the diameters of these
nanoparticles differ in size, too. For this reason, the
outside temperature must not be boundlessly increased
because in this case there would be a risk of blowing up
the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the nanoparticles due
to regrouping the different nanoparticles of a substance
which would mean a direct contact between the potential
core electricity amounting to millions of degrees coldness
and the outside temperature so that this potential core
electricity would, due to its thermal sensitivity, expand
in an enormous explosion during which the released
potential electricity would burn everything within a
certain range. A difference should be made whether
particles having the lowest core temperature, a high
density and low voltage or particles having a higher core
temperature, a low density and a higher voltage were
subjected to a maximum outside temperature. In the former
case, the blowup of the dynamic zone of equilibrium would
result in a high current density and low voltage while in
the latter case a low current density and a higher voltage
would occur. Thus, substances having the lowest core
temperatures, the highest density and the lowest voltage
would be less dangerous than substances with higher core
temperatures, low density and high voltages such as
hydrogen. (Meanwhile, this experiment has been confirmed
by the development of the "atomic bomb".) If
the interior of the sun were as hot as it is cold in
reality, it could not be seen as a ball in its present
shape on the sky, but it would since long have had the
same fate as the nova Pictoris or the nova Hercules. The
possibility of the nearly inexhaustible reserve of
potential energy of the sun is based solely on the
assumption of a lowest coldness limit. 31
Let
us eventually deal with our aforementioned hypothesis. Let
us assume that our earth had been ejected many millions of
years ago in a huge eruption out of the interior of the
sun as a volume of potential electricity at a coldness of
approximately minus 5 million °C. This volume of
potential electricity would immediately have taken the
shape of a ball of concentrated force outside the solar
zone of dynamic equilibrium and within the outside
temperature because this volume had been located in a
space of a considerably higher temperature. According to
our perceptions gained so far, this process would have
taken place as follows: The actual solar electricity
bordering on the periphery of the ejected volume would
have attempted to centripetally reach its primeval
coldness condition (Fig. 31) while on the other hand the
periphery of the ejected volume would have come into
contact with a warmer zone. As the potential volume is
very heat-sensitive, it would have tremendously expanded
in a centrifugal way on its periphery. So the forces would
have opposed each other so as to cancel each other out and
to form, so to speak, a zone of equilibrium. As the
opposing forces were of the same amount, a spherical shape
would inevitably have been formed - similar to a soap
bubble which is also characterized by a balance between
the internal and external pressure forces. One should not
think of this zone of equilibrium as being rigid and
immobile, but rather as being dynamically mobile and
characterized by permanent unrest. This continuous flowing
into each other at the periphery would of course generate
heat so that one might say that the zone of dynamic
equilibrium is at the same time a heat zone. Now, one has
to imagine that this heat zone decreases outwardly as well
as inwardly with the inward decrease being much more
abrupt than the outward decrease. If, during this
continuous spherical equalization effort of the zone of
dynamic equilibrium, the heat zone comes nearer to the
internal potential electricity which we will now refer to
as geoelectricity, the latter would, due to its heat
sensitivity, enormously expand - maybe like an explosion -
and blow up the zone of equilibrium in some spots. At the
same time, the same which happened on a large scale during
the ejection from the sun would now happen on the smallest
imaginable scale. Nanoballs would be formed the core
temperature of which would be adequate to the zone from
which these ejected volumes of potential electricity
originated. As all nanoballs would have the same degree of
force, density multiplied with voltage, they would only
differ in their core temperature and thus in their
diameter. Hydrogen, for example, would have been formed
first on the outermost periphery and hence would have the
lowest core temperature and thus the lowest density, but
at the same time the highest voltage and the largest
diameter. One might go on this way with regard to all
elements up to one of the heaviest, uranium. Although this
is not a pure element as pure elements cannot exist at
all, but is composed of a number of different
nanoparticles. After all, the majority of these particles
has nearly the highest density, the lowest voltage and the
smallest diameter because the core temperature in a large
number of them is at the lowest coldness limit which rests
in itself in its primeval state. The continuous
disturbance of this state of rest is caused only by
particles having a larger diameter, a lower core
temperature and a higher internal voltage. The particles
are incoherent and thus generate a temperature being 2 - 3
degrees above the ambient temperature which accelerates
disintegration. Unless the element helium with its large
diameter and high internal voltage were present in
between, even uranium would not disintegrate. The
core electricity remaining in its state of rest becomes
actual electricity on its borders to the heat zone which
means that the zone of dynamic equilibrium emerges from
inside. It is highly probable that these nanoparticles
have been ejected out of the deeper regions of the earth
in enormous eruptions near the end of the substance
formation process. As the nanoparticles of the substances
represent a center of force due to their potential energy,
let us refer to them as energy balls. If we have a
somewhat closer look at the dynamic zone of equilibrium of
the energy balls which we have also denoted as heat zone,
we find out that more specific heat has to be supplied to
hydrogen due to its lower heat zone than to the other
energy balls having higher heat zones in order to increase
its temperature by 1 °C. On the other hand, uranium has
the highest heat zone and accordingly the lowest heat
supply (cf Table)
The
fact that on the one hand the accumulation heat of the
dynamic zone of equilibrium is a function of the core
temperature as well as of the ambient or external
temperature and that on the other hand the weight is a
direct representation of this function in connection with
the earth's megavortex lets the external temperature of
the elements appear as nearly constant. So there exists a
more or less constant relationship between weight,
accumulation heat and the external temperature of the
substances. If one wants to increase, for instance, the
external temperature of substances by one degree, a
definite amount of heat has to be supplied in addition to
the accumulation heat (atomic heat) already present in the
substances in order to maintain the existing constant
relationship. As hydrogen has the highest core temperature
and hence the lowest accumulation heat among all elements,
the largest amount of calories have to be supplied to it
in order to increase its external temperature by 1 °C. The
nature of potential core electricity is the reason why the
near constant is only applicable within definite
temperature limits because the low hollow space
temperature becomes effective when the external
temperature is increased. This applies in particular to
multi-atom gases such as water vapor, carbonic acid,
ammonia, etc. Here, the amount of heat to be supplied,
i.e. the specific heat increases significantly together
with temperature. Wiedemann, for example, found the
following values:
When
we consider heat and coldness phenomena or the
weight-related mutual dependence of two or more substances
contained in organic or inorganic compounds (valency)
in the light of this perceptional theory, we come
to a clear understanding about many aspects of the
effectiveness of the world of substances. According to
this hypothesis, the earth would have developed from the
invisible to a gaseous, hot-fluid and solid world of
substances with the present earth's core still being in
the invisible condition, i.e. with the potential energy
still being at rest here. The zone of dynamic equilibrium
or heat zone would be next to it still representing the
gaseous and - farther outside - the hot-fluid condition.
The solid condition would have developed millions of years
later. The
Cause of the Periodic System of Elements
The
volume of potential energy ejected from the sun would of
course immediately have become subject to the vortex law
of the solar megavortex and would have gained its drive
from the east-west flow which we will discuss in greater
detail in the last chapter. At any rate, the formation of
solid substances is also closely connected with the
respective constellation or the earth with respect to the
other planets. We can achieve an illustrative idea of the
effect of the mutual influence of effective fields of
force when we suspend a number of bar magnets spaced apart
in definite distances so that equal poles are positioned
at the top and the bottom, respectively. If one of these
bars is deflected from its position, the other bars react
immediately by taking new positions. As our planets on
their orbits have their north poles on one and their south
poles on the other side, respectively, in a similar way,
they also interact, especially when Saturn, Jupiter, Mars,
Earth, Venus and Mercury are positioned on a radial line
with the sun. One can easily imagine that during the
period of solidification of the earth's surface,
respective similar planetary constellations caused
eruptions leading to the formation of substances having
respective similar physical and chemical properties. So we
could come to a clear idea about the formation of the
periodic system of elements. When we look from this
viewpoint at Erdmann's (1) helical scheme of the periodic
law of the chemical elements (Fig. 32), we would have to
assume that the elements positioned on one ray were formed
at like planetary constellations, respectively. One might
thus refer to Erdmann's scheme as showing the law of
substance development. Here, too, hydrogen would be
positioned at the beginning of development while uranium
having the highest atomic weight would represent the final
member in the chain of substance formation. 32
Spiral
table of the periodic law of the chemical elements The
elements on each side of the two halves of each continuous
ray form two branches of one family. The
distances from the center of the spiral are the atomic
weights. It
is well conceivable that at such planetary constellations
with respect to the sun powerful eruptions took place on
the earth which became stronger and stronger with the
increasing solidification of the surface. These stronger
and stronger eruptions ejected volumes from deeper and
deeper original locations having lower coldness degrees
which volumes formed the energy balls having lower core
temperatures until in the end of the solidification
process uranium with its lowest core temperature and its
smallest energy ball diameter was formed. The
role of the planetary constellations with respect to the
earth and the sun during the substance formation can still
be perceived in the repulsive forces of the substances,
i.e. in the accumulating forces of the helical energy ball
flows. Just as the earth has its intrinsic east-west
helical flow - caused by its actual geoelectricity which
permanently expands due to its bordering on the heat zone
and which causes the earth's gravity -, all planets have
their intrinsic east-west vortices of actual electricity
which even now penetrate the geosphere and in particular
whirl around those substances which have been formed
during definite constellations of one or the other
planets. A pair of gravity scales developed by the author
shows in a very illustrative manner the influence of the
respective position of the planets onto the various
metals, especially those of the earth during its orbiting
around the sun at perigee (being near to the earth) and
apogee (being far from the earth). The
author has not yet completed his tests in this respect.
The aforementioned device will be shown in the next
chapter dealing with gravity. Not
much new needs to be said about the union of energy balls
to form a substance. We have seen that the actual
electricity whirls around the energy balls and that the
accumulation effect or the emerging polarity compounds
them to form so-called elements. The vortex direction of
this actual electricity flow of the energy balls always
depends upon the earth's megavortex field and hence can
never change its polarity. The actual solar electricity,
however, whirls also around the energy balls with the
whirl ceasing at minus 273 °C. All chemical compounds and
reactions are accomplished by the additional solar
electricity vortex. Inside the substances, this actual
solar electricity vortex is not necessarily bound to the
flow direction of the actual geoelectricity vortex which
means that the weaker energy ball vortices of the actual
solar electricity are always subject to the next stronger
solar energy ball vortex and hence undergo a polarity
change caused by the stronger vortices. The polarity of
vortex fields of equal strength cannot be altered. Thus,
the fundamental law of all chemical compounds is based on
the fact that each weaker solar energy ball vortex is
pressed by the accumulative effect from outside against
the center of the next stronger solar energy ball vortex
with the stronger one causing a polarity alteration of the
weaker one. But as the solar electricity ceases to form
any vortices at -273 °C, no chemical compounds and
reactions are possible any more at this temperature as we
have mentioned earlier. 33
As
we shall perceive from the spectrum when dealing with the
phenomenon of light, there seems to be hardly any
substance consisting of energy balls of equal size only.
An ideal case which probably cannot exist is shown in
Figs. 33 and 34. Fig. 33 shows a cube containing 13 energy
balls of the same diameter being arranged at equal
distances from each other. When we look at this cube from
any of its 8 corners we realize when looking diagonally
through the center of the cube that 6 balls are arranged
at equal distances around the energy ball in the center.
In front of and behind these 7 energy balls arranged in
one plane according to Fig. 34, 3 energy balls are
arranged, respectively. So there is a total of 13 balls
the outer periphery of which forms a sphere or, when
looked at from another direction, a cube. If the volume of
the 13 balls is subtracted from the volume of the
peripheral sphere, the remaining volume or the
intermediate space equals exactly the volume of 14 balls.
The substance volume of this hypothetically assumed
substance would amount to 48 4/27 % while the volume of
the intermediate space would be 51 23/27 %. So, the
intermediate space of this idealized substance would be 3
19/27 % larger than the substance itself. But
as we have perceived, all substances gain their inner
cohesion and their mutual bonding force only from the
different core temperatures of the energy balls, i.e. from
their different diameters and thus from their accumulative
effects acting inward from the outside. Accordingly, the
intermediate space differs in size from one substance to
another. When we will have succeeded in registering the
individual substances in accordance with the composition
of their energy balls of different sizes, it will also be
possible to determine their intermediate spaces. There can
be no substances having no intermediate spaces. Only the
first physical condition of the substances lacks
intermediate spaces; so it fills the intermediate spaces
of all substances. What we still call magnetism belongs to
the first physical condition and hence also fills all
intermediate spaces of the substances. For this reason,
substances do not form any resistance or obstacle to this
physical condition, although we must make a difference
with respect to energy balls moved in an electromagnetic
field which cannot penetrate substances and therefore are
screenable because they convey their charge to the
conductive substances according to the law of induction
described earlier. The
highest density of water at 4 °C also proves that the
energy balls of the individual substances H2
and O have different diameters. As we have seen, the
hydrogen energy balls are larger than the oxygen energy
balls. Due to the cooling of the balls having different
sizes their diameters shrink so that a gradual regrouping
occurs with respect to the individual sphere positions
until at 4 °C the energy balls cannot be any closer to
each other. If the energy balls of H and O had the same
diameter, water would have its highest density at 0 °C. Maybe
it is not uninteresting to point to crystallization
processes in connection with the energy ball diameters.
Wherever energy balls of the same size confront, no
polarity alteration but an accumulation of the helical
flow between them occurs instead. No union but a repulsion
occurs within this accumulation which has a plane-related
effect between the particles. Thus, the crystallization
process during the solidification of the substance is a
process of repulsion among energy balls of equal size.
Depending upon the presence of energy balls of different
diameters, the different crystal shapes are formed which
can be split in accordance with the positions of their
accumulation planes. Summary
We
have made an attempt to use a hypothesis to understand
that -273 °C cannot be the lowest coldness limit but that
at this temperature the east-west solar electricity does
no longer find a gradient and thus flows without
accumulation through the conductive substance. What we
measure is not the core temperature of the energy balls
but the temperature between the energy balls which is
generated by the opposite flow directions due to vortex
accumulation. We have further tried to understand that it
is conceivable to hold the enormous heat reserves of the
energy balls, e.g. of radium, in a balance at lowest
temperatures of millions of degrees because this coldness
resembles the primeval condition of the potential
electricity which in this condition has its highest
density and lowest voltage. As each energy ball possesses
the same degree of force (density multiplied by voltage),
the energy ball diameters must differ corresponding with
their respective core temperature. A hydrogen energy ball
has the largest diameter, the lowest density and the
highest internal voltage, but certainly the same degree of
force as all other energy balls having lower core
temperatures. The higher diffusion speed of the hydrogen
energy balls is also caused by their highest internal
voltage. However, the uranium energy ball has the smallest
diameter, the highest density and the lowest voltage
because the solar electricity which has become
geoelectricity rests in its primeval condition here. In
all probability, the formation of substances was caused,
apart from the equalization or compensation effort of the
zone of dynamic equilibrium, by the planetary
constellations which led to eruptions in large and regular
intervals forming the periodic system of elements. The
cohesion of the energy balls is due to the accumulative
effect which always presses the energy balls having higher
core temperatures centripetally against energy balls
having lower core temperatures. Energy balls having equal
core temperatures repel each other. One might as well say
that the link between the energy balls is their differing
atomic weight because the higher atomic weight means a
larger flow vortex which forces its flow direction onto
the smaller vortex flow of a lower atomic weight or alters
the polarity of the energy ball having the lower atomic
weight so that on the outside opposite flows exist which
cause the centripetal accumulation effect. All substances
consist of a uniform, heat-sensitive material which we
call solar electricity according to its origin and
planetary or lunar electricity according to its later
affiliation. As long as a temperature difference exists
between the inside and the outside, we refer to this
electricity as substance. If, however, a temperature
difference no longer exists, we refer to electricity as
the first physical condition of matter, or in case of the
existence of a gradient as power, energy, magnetism,
electricity, lightning or the like. In the interior of the
sun, the electricity is in its potential condition at the
lowest cosmic coldness limit. It represents the huge power
reserve of the entire solar system; partial reserves form
the interior of the planets, planetoids, and moons. The
spherical zones of dynamic equilibrium are the hot zones -
such as the photosphere of the sun or the gaseous and
hot-fluid condition beneath the solid earth surface or
similar conditions with respect to the other planets and
moons. Part
Three
The
Function of Gravity
The
Gravity Law
We
have perceived in Part Two of the vortex theory that the
atomic weight of the substances is a function of the
actual geoelectricity wherein the different core
temperatures of the energy balls determine their diameter
and their corresponding distances from one another, as the
east-west actual geoelectricity flow whirls around each
single energy ball, accumulating above it and thus
pressing it against the earth. Hence it is clear that the
substances are not attracted by the earth but pressed
against it from outside. The
Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the
Fall
35
The
weight of a substance depends upon the number of its
energy balls which in turn depend upon the core
temperatures and thus upon the diameters of their zones of
dynamic equilibrium and the measure of force (density
multiplied by voltage) of the east-west megavortex field
of the earth in a definite location as well as upon the
centrifugal force caused by the earth's rotation. Let us
now look at two examples in an attempt to explain the
pressing force or atomic weight and acceleration. Fig. 35
schematically shows an energy ball of a hydrogen atom
within the east-west megavortex field of the earth. Of all
elements known up to now, this energy ball has the highest
hollow space temperature and the lowest density as well as
the highest internal voltage. Thus, the accumulation heat
or atomic heat within the zone of dynamic equilibrium is
lower than in the case of other substances. As, in
accordance with its nature, the east-west flow of the
actual geoelectricity, similar to that of the actual solar
electricity, always flows towards its primeval condition
of coldness, it also flows towards the coldness poles of
each single energy ball and is driven out again in the
neutral, warmer zone. However, as the east-west flow field
is inhomogeneous, a vortex flow is generated during the
inflow and outflow being directed in the sense of the more
dense flow between the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium
and the substance. This is the cause of the formation of
the ascending and the descending helices. As the flow
direction between the energy ball and the earth's zone of
equilibrium have the same direction and are opposite on
the vortex side facing away from the earth, this
opposition causes an accumulating effect on this side
which presses the energy ball against the earth
rectangularly to the flow direction of the megavortex with
the force of the universally uniform measure of force -
density multiplied by voltage. As density and voltage of
the east-west geoelectricity flow field are reciprocate to
the distance from the earth's dynamic zone of equilibrium,
i.e. that the density to voltage ratio is always the same
at each distance, the same constant degree of force exists
with respect to the earth's acceleration, g = 9.80665
m/sec². When we compare with reference to Fig. 36 the
schematic illustration of a uranium energy ball, we
immediately realize the difference in size compared with
the hydrogen energy ball. Computationally, the hydrogen
energy ball volume could embrace about 238 uranium energy
balls. As both energy balls have the same degree of force
(density multiplied by voltage), the accumulative force of
the uranium energy ball is equal to that of the hydrogen
energy ball. Alternatively, one might say that if the
volume of the hydrogen energy ball were made equal to that
of the uranium energy ball, the hydrogen energy ball would
have the same weight as a uranium energy ball. But as the
volume of the hydrogen energy ball is 238.14 times larger
than that of the uranium energy ball, the core or hollow
space temperature of the zone of dynamic equilibrium, i.e.
the atomic heat, must be much lower than that of the
uranium energy ball. Due to the decimals of the atomic
weight and the atomic heat of substances which cannot be
brought into a uniform relation, it can certainly be
concluded that each of the elements comprises a number of
different energy balls as we will perceive later when
discussing the spectrum. It will be left to science to
determine a precise list of integral numbers of the
elements' energy balls including their respective core
temperatures, diameters as well as their accumulative heat
(atomic heat). The
accumulative effect P of an energy ball represents the
resulting force of two accumulation components, namely the
nanovortex potential depending upon the constant degree of
force on the one hand and the earth's megavortex potential
on the other. In addition, both depend upon the
concentration of the actual geoelectricity. Near the
equator and in the higher strata, for example, the
concentration is not as strong as near the earth's poles,
and consequently the weight of this different
concentration is subject to geoelectricity. The
concentration of geoelectricity can only be determined on
the basis of the acceleration of the fall which amounts to
978.030 cm/sec at the equator and 983.216 cm/sec at the
poles. Likewise, the concentration or density of
geoelectricity may be determined by means of the different
revolution ratio of the geomagnetic differential motor
described in Part One. After
having developed an idea about gravity, we prefer to not
refer any longer to attraction but only to pressing. The
pressing force of the earth including the acceleration of
the fall comes to an end within the earth's zone of
dynamic equilibrium, where it equals zero just as in the
center of the earth. Similarly to the resulting pressing
forces are directed from outside towards the zone of
dynamic equilibrium, the pressing forces are effective
from the center of the earth outward towards the zone of
equilibrium. Hence, a body would practically never fall
down to the center of the earth, but only to the zone of
dynamic equilibrium, and likewise, a falling body near the
center of the earth would be pressed outward up to the
zone of dynamic equilibrium irrespective of the
centrifugal forces caused by the earth's rotation. The
Gravity Law
It
has been mentioned earlier that the difference between a
gravity field and the geomagnetic field is restricted only
to the different density and voltage of the actual solar
electricity perceivable on the earth. The so-called
geomagnetic field belongs to the gravity field of the sun.
As we shall see in Part Five, a two-arm helical stream of
actual solar electricity flows permanently into the large
space in which the planets with their moons are moving.
The author presents as an experimental evidence his
geomagnetic differential motor the revolutions of which
per time unit and at equal temperatures have, at
perihelion and aphelion, the same ratio as the squares of
the earth's distances from the sun. If geomagnetism were
not generated by the sun but specifically earthly, the
average revolution ratio would not change when approaching
to or moving away from the sun. The same measuring results
are obtained when one directly induces the earth's field
by means of a screened synchronous motor the momentum of
which is kept constant by means of a precisely controlled
frequency. The measurements would have to last many years
because the variations of the earth's field are enormous
and are permanently subject to the protuberances of the
sun and the constellations of the planets. When
dealing with Newton's so-called gravity law (1687)
"Two masses attract each other with a force being
directly proportionate to the product of the masses and
reciprocally proportionate to the square of their mutual
distance" and taking into consideration the law of
vortex kinematics, one has to distinguish whether the
masses have the same or an opposite polarity. If to masses
having opposite polarities are confronted with each other,
which within the solar system applies solely to the sun,
this law must read "Two masses press against one
another, etc., but if the confronting masses have the same
polarity, as it is the case among the planets and
planetoids or among the various solar systems, one must
formulate exactly like Coulomb's law, "Two masses
repel each other with a force being directly proportionate
to the product of the masses and reciprocally
proportionate to the square of their mutual
distance." The
Gravity Constant
37
In
the light of the author's experimental studies, it seems
to be questionable whether the gravity constant determined
by Richarz and Krigar-Menzel by means of their lead tests
is really valid. The author's experiments showed that lead
as well as various other metals are subject to permanent
weight variations so that their weights are only relative.
The author made seven precision scales from maple wood
(Fig. 37) and put on one side of each pair of scales gold,
silver, mercury, copper, iron, tin, and lead,
respectively. On the other side of the scale beam, maple
wood was used as counterweight. Then the scales were
varnished to protect them from the influence of humidity.
The sensitivity of the scales was calibrated in accordance
with the respective weight carried. The total range of
indication was 1/10 of the weight carried by each pair of
scales with the deflection amounting to
130 mm. In the course of a two-year test period, it
became evident that our weights increase from the farthest
point from the sun (aphelion) to the nearest (perihelion)
and from there up to the next aphelion decrease by the
same amount. Further, the author found out by using these
scales that the gravity of the various planets has a
weight-decreasing or weight-increasing influence on
definite metals, respectively. This becomes most evident
when the planets are on their opposition positions. The
maximum deflections of the scales allow to find out with
all surety and hourly precision which metal is assigned to
the planets being in opposition and at which hour the
point of opposition is reached. Up to now, the author
found out that there is a connection between the metal
mercury and the planet Mercury as well as between lead and
Saturn. Further tests are still under way. The
author made another interesting observation with these
scales in the period from September 6th to 13th,
1960. During this period it happened several times that
all indices "on command" moved to their
uppermost position, remained there for some hours and
gradually returned to their original positions. The times
of these extreme positions coincided with the horrible
"Donna" hurricanes in the American island of
Puerto Rico, Oriente Province, Gibara, Florida, and New
York. These positions of the scales' indices permit the
conclusion that the earth's gravity field increased
temporarily. Further, this conclusion gives rise to the
assumption that tremendous eruptions have taken place
within the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium causing the
extraordinary storms. If other confirmations of these
measurable gravity influences were found, the studies of
Richarz and Krigar-Menzel would have to be reviewed again
in the light of this aspect. Up
to now, we have always referred to the earth's megavortex
only. However, it is to be assumed that all planets,
planetoids and moons belonging to our solar system have
intrinsic megavortices and that all megavortices in turn
are subject to the solar gigavortex which covers the
entire space of the solar system. So, the moons are not
only subject to the megavortices of their respective
planets, but at the same time are directly subject to the
solar gigavortex. From this point of view, the gravity law
of the planets and the sun should be formulated roughly as
follows, "The megavortices of the planets are
directly proportionate to their volume of potential
electricity covered by their zone of equilibrium while the
resulting pressing force of their opposite accumulation
component is reciprocally proportionate to the square of
their distance from the sun". As
long as the gravity law is only applied to the relations
among the planets, the terms "pressing force"
and "distance from the sun" are to be replaced
by "repulsive force" and "their mutual
distance", respectively. With respect to planets
having moons, the gravity law is more complicated because
the pressing forces underlie the alternating additive or
subtractive influence of the repulsive forces. When
dealing with the cause of movement of the celestial bodies
in Part Five of the vortex theory, these interactions will
be discussed in greater detail. The
gravity law developed herein will allow the creation of
anti-gravity by providing a satellite with the naturally
given flow intensity which is directly supplied by the
sun, hence has the same vortex direction as the earth and
is thus repelled from the earth. We shall further develop
this idea after we will have laid the necessary foundation
in Part Five. Part
Four
The
Nature and Spreading of Light
The
Nature and Spreading of Light
Now,
after we have found the key to the explanation of all
events related to motion and heat as well as the formation
of the world of substances, our next step will lead us,
with inevitable necessity, to the nature and spreading of
light. Scientific research has perceived - in apparent
certainty - the undular nature of light on the one hand
and the material character of light (energy quanta) on the
other. However, the theory of quanta extremely contradicts
with Huygens' undulation theory. For the time being, the
latter has the plausible basis of interference and motion
phenomena. According to our considerations, the double
nature of the spreading of light being at the same time
undular and corpuscular may survive as long as this double
nature is correctly interpreted and thoroughly studied.
Basically, the relation between light waves and quanta is
similar to the relation between water waves and a moving
ship or between airwaves and a projectile or airplane.
Consequently, light waves would be nothing but a secondary
phenomenon of the energy quanta or, in accordance with the
conception developed herein, the consequence of the
nanoparticles and/or energy balls moving at high
velocities and at certain distances between each other. On
the basis of our perceptions gained so far, an attempt is
now made to show a way to sensibly and imaginatively
explain the phenomenon of light in all its apparent forms.
The
Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam
We
have perceived previously that the tiniest, indivisible
particle of a substance - the so-called energy ball - is
nothing but an energy volume the core of which has a
certain degree of coldness and the shell of which is
surrounded by a considerably higher temperature. The
characteristic of electricity to shrink in coldness and to
expand in heat has brought the dynamic zone of equilibrium
of the energy ball into being. Thus, the core of the
energy ball represents resting, potential energy.
If the equilibrium zone of an energy ball is
disturbed by an external temperature rise, the zone of
equilibrium tears open at the location of the disturbance,
i.e. the potential core electricity or the energy being at
its primary physical condition extends as a result of this
unilateral heating-up and escapes with tremendous force
and speed driving the energy ball away in the opposite
direction due to the reaction force. Basically, a light
beam is nothing but the primeval example of a rocket and
at the same time a substance transition or return to its
primary physical condition. The velocity of such an energy
ball rocket depends upon the product of density multiplied
by voltage of the potential core electricity. As an energy
ball is nearly weightless, the force used for its
acceleration is very low. The known high velocity of
approximately 300,000 km/sec roughly corresponds to the
expansion of the potential energy. This mystery of the
light beam shall now be explained with a view to very
concrete examples: As
we have perceived in Part Two dealing with the formation
of substance, the number of energy ball diameters equals
the number of core temperatures. Even the so-called
elements are composed of numerous energy balls of
different sizes in accordance with the lines occurring in
their respective spectrum. We will deal with these items
in greater detail later. When we bring a substance - let
us say a filament of an electric lamp - to a high
temperature, continuous repulsions of energy ball rockets
occur from the outer periphery of the filament towards all
sides until the reserve of energy balls has become
exhausted on a specifically affected or weaker location so
that the electric circuit is permanently interrupted. Fig.
38 schematically shows an enlargement of the edge of such
a filament. When the filament is made to glow by electric
power, the energy balls located at the outermost zone of
the filament are first disturbed on their zone of dynamic
equilibrium because the ball surface of the energy balls
facing to the axis center of the filament has, due to the
accumulation between the last but one and the last
ascending helical flow of these energy balls have a higher
temperature than the unaffected ball surface facing away
from the filament. It is easily understandable that the
zones of dynamic equilibrium of the energy balls are
disturbed with respect to the outermost balls only and
hence are torn open so that the core electricity reaction
repels the energy balls like rockets while the last but
one, last but two, etc. energy balls are evenly heated
from all sides without being subjected to a disturbance of
their zone of dynamic equilibrium until it eventually is
their turn to be repelled because their outwardly facing
ball surfaces are freely exposed. As at the same moment in
which the outermost energy balls are repelled, the next
ones follow, an uninterrupted chain of energy ball rockets
is generated which we, due to its effect, call a light
beam. According to its chemical composition, each
substance expels energy balls of different sizes thus
providing - as we will perceive later - the spectrum
characteristic of every substance.
38
When
light beams hit the surface of a transparent substance at
an acute angle, they do not pass the substance in the
direction of incidence, but are deflected inside this
substance from their original direction. Types
of Refraction of Light
Fig.
39 schematically illustrates two beams I and II emerging
from the same light source case I of which comes from the
air and hits a water surface at an acute angle. This first
case clearly shows that the energy ball, due to its
spherical shape, its definite diameter, its irradiation
angle a, and its impact energy c = (m•v2)/2 unrolls
towards the irradiation angle a1 and continues its
movement in the water at this angle. When, as in case II
of Fig. 39, a light beam hits the water surface at a right
angle so that the irradiation vortex a coincides with the
incidence perpendicular, the ball does not unroll, and the
light beam is not broken irrespective of the differences
in the energy ball diameters and the nature of the
transparent substance. 39
The
following examples are meant to illustrate the relation
between the colors and the energy ball diameters and hence
the refraction angles. Fig. 40 illustrates the path of two
light beams through a pane of glass having plane-parallel
faces. Let us assume that beam I is a red light beam.
Thus, the energy ball rocket has a small diameter, a low
core temperature and a high accumulation heat level at the
zone of dynamic equilibrium or so-called atomic heat. Due
to the large temperature difference between the core and
ambient temperatures, the voltage of the potential core
electricity is low while its density is high. The product
of density multiplied by voltage equals the effective
rocket energy, i.e. the uniform measure of force of all
rockets which causes the spreading velocity. As the mass
of the energy ball rockets is independent from their
diameters, there must be a reciprocal relation between
voltage and density of the potential core electricity. So
if the red beam I impinges on the front entry face of the
pane at an angle a, the rocket rolls off in accordance
with its diameter and spreading velocity to an angle a1
and then passes the thickness of the pane of glass at this
new, larger angle. On the exit face, the rocket rolls this
time on the opposite hemisphere towards the opposite side
at the same angle as the angle of incidence a away from
the pane of glass. Now
we look at the violet beam II in our Fig. 40. In this
case, the rocket diameter is larger than in beam I.
Therefore, the core temperature is not as low while the
dynamic accumulation zone is colder, i.e. the atomic heat
is lower. Thus, the density of the potential electricity
is lower and its internal voltage higher. The product of
both factors results in the same effective rocket energy
as in the case of light beam I. Hence, all color beams
contained in white light have the same spreading velocity.
When the violet beam II impinges on the front face of the
pane at the same angle, the larger rocket diameter rolls
off to the angle a2 in accordance with its larger radius
and its spreading velocity, passes the thickness of the
pane at this larger angle and exits it like beam I at the
same angle as the angle of incidence a. Thus, the violet
beam II has, due to its larger rocket diameter, a larger
passing angle or refraction angle than the red beam I. The
Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism
Now
we have arrived at one of the most interesting phenomena
of light, the generation of the spectrum. In former times,
this phenomenon was rightly considered as something sacred
and was carefully protected by those in the know. This
mystery discloses the dependence of the potential core
energy on the matter, the release of the former and the
dissolution of matter by turning into light. In this
context and for a better understanding of the following,
we should begin by mentioning that color itself, i.e.
outside of our eyes, does not exist at all, and that the
phenomenon which we usually call color is merely an
expression of what we sense by our retina when the
outflowing electricity of an energy ball rocket arrives at
the optic nerve at a distinct intensity. This potential
electricity streaming into the eye is the force which
maintains the eye's capability of vision. If this force is
permanently blocked, the eye loses its ability to receive
light. Normally, the intensity reception of the nerve of
vision corresponds with the scope of the visible spectrum
while lower intensities are not felt any more. However,
this does not mean that the eye were indifferent to unfelt
intensities. While ultrared corresponds with the intensity
of an energy ball rocket having a low voltage and a high
density of core electricity, ultraviolet has an intensity
of high internal voltage and low density of core
electricity. The effective rocket energy per time unit
determines whether the eye receives too much or too little
light. A high energy destroys the eye quickly while a too
low intensity destroys the eye gradually. In order to
achieve a reasonable adaptation to a tolerable inlet of
normal light intensity to protect the eye from the
too-much or the too-little, nature's prudence has created
the iris diaphragm of the eye to regulate the amount of
incoming photonic rockets. In order to not digress too far
from our subject, let us now describe the generation of
the spectrum using a quartz prism as schematically
illustrated in Fig. 41. 41
Fig.
41 shows the energy ball rockets revealing themselves as
colors with their respective diameters adequate to their
colors and in their mutual distances during their travel.
For the sake of clarity, they are ordered one below the
other according to their size. In reality, however, their
trajectories are without order so that the largest rocket
diameters may occur next to the smallest ones, exactly as
the energy balls are chemically bound within the
substance. That is also the reason why the spectrum
becomes visible at a certain distance from the prism,
because the smallest and largest rockets arrive at the
entry face of the prism as a mixture. We shall deal with
these connections in greater detail when we discuss Fig.
43. When
we trace the individual rockets as to their size, as they
pass through the prism, we realize - just as with Fig. 40
- that the largest rockets of the visible spectrum, when
they impinge on the slanting prism surface, have a larger
tilting momentum in accordance with their larger spherical
radius and thus are deflected by the prism to a higher
degree. When exiting the prism, the rocket finds the exit
surface of the prism at an angle being the exact opposite
of the entry surface angle. Consequently, the hemisphere
which entered the prism first exits last so that a tilting
momentum is created again which forces the rocket to
become deflected once again by the same angular value.
When we trace the trajectory of the smallest rocket of the
visible spectrum in the same manner, we realize on entry
and exit that, due to the smaller spherical radius, the
tilting momentum as well as the deflection are smaller.
All the different rocket diameters between these two
extremes get their deflection according to their tilting
momentum which depends upon their spherical radii so that
we obtain, in the visible range between violet - the
largest rocket diameter - and red - the smallest rocket
diameter - a
complete violet-blue-yellow-red color spectrum in which
the transition colors indigo-green-orange are generated by
mixing violet and blue, blue and yellow, yellow and red.
The rocket diameter of the ultraviolet beams is even
larger than that of the violet beams. Therefore, they do
not penetrate a glass having a narrower pass range and are
inhibited or swallowed when passing liquids and gases as a
result of their larger resistance. On the other hand, the
rocket diameter of the invisible ultrared beams is even
smaller than that of the red beams. For this reason, these
rockets have a larger penetrative force, i.e. a lower
resistance against passing through gases and liquids than
beams of other colors or rockets with larger diameters.
The relation between the diameters of the red photonic
rockets and the diameter of the violet photonic rockets is
proportional to the refraction angle of the red and the
refraction angle of the violet light beams. Fig. 41
further illustrates the approximate percentage of the
distances between the sequential rockets of different
colors or, in other words, the approximate mixing ratio of
the individual rockets per time unit. The following
experiment also provides the evidence for the correctness
of the composition of white light of the basic hues of the
spectrum, i.e. red, yellow, blue, and violet. If one
measures the brightness value of white light projected
onto a screen via a prism, this value equals the sum of
the individual measuring values of the spectral colors
red, yellow, blue, and violet of the same prism provided
that the measurement is carried out under the same
conditions of screen distance and illumination intensity
as with white light. The percentage distribution of the
measuring values near
Fraunhofer's lines A D G and H roughly is as
follows: red 21 %, yellow 60 %, blue 15 % and violet 4 %.
Hence, the chemical effect of the color beams depends upon
the qualitative rather than the quantitative condition.
Although the effective rocket energy of all color beams is
the same as is evident from the velocity of spreading,
there exists a significant difference as to whether the
core electricity has a high density or a high voltage. For
example, the violet light beams with their high core
electricity voltage and low core electricity density bring
about the separation of metallic silver from salts such as
chlorargyrite, iodite or bromide while on the other hand
the red photonic rockets with their high core electricity
density and low core electricity voltage perform, together
with the chlorophyll in plants, the separation of carbon
dioxide to carbon and oxygen with the carbon being used
for creating plants and the oxygen for the respiration of
human beings and animals. Nobody could foresee what would
happen on our planet if the radiation mixture would change
at the expense of the red and the benefit of the violet
light beams. This
view would add some aspects worth considering to Prof. Max
Planck's quanta theory. The universal constant h, also
called quantum of action, would be equal to the effective
rocket energy: density multiplied by voltage multiplied by
time. However, one must not say, "The higher the
oscillation value, the larger the quantum of action",
but "The larger the number of photonic rockets per
time unit, the larger the quantum of action". Let
us now look at some other phenomena of the spectrum in
order to back the overall truth of this new perception by
further partial truths. It is well known that the
temperature of the spectrum rises from ultraviolet to
ultrared. What is the reason for this fact? We have
perceived in connection with the generation of energy
balls that the largest energy balls have the highest core
temperatures and hence the lowest accumulation heat or
atomic heat, while on the other hand the smallest energy
balls have the lowest core temperatures and hence the
highest accumulation heat or atomic heat. When we in this
context look at the ultraviolet and violet beams, i.e. the
largest energy balls acting as rockets, we find out that a
certain number of heat units has to be added to the
ultraviolet and violet rocket range of the spectrum due to
its low atomic heat in order to achieve a temperature
equilibrium with the ultrared and red rocket range of the
spectrum having a higher atomic heat. The number of photonic rockets per
time unit also plays a significant role. Another
phenomenon is the determination, using the spectrum,
whether a star approaches the earth or moves away from it.
When a star approaches the earth, a violet shift occurs in
the spectrum while a star which moves away from the earth
causes a red shift in the spectrum. How can the present
idea of photonic rockets explain this fact? We have stated
above that the refraction angle of a photonic rocket
depends on its velocity of spreading on the one hand and
its diameter on the other. If either the velocity of
spreading increases or decreases or if the rocket diameter
increases or decreases, the refraction angle always
changes. Normally, the velocity of spreading of light is
constant in all light beams, but it changes immediately
when the number of photonic rockets per time unit is
changed. So, if a star approaches us, the speed of light
rises proportional to the speed of the approaching star
because the distances of the sequential photonic rockets
become smaller. Therefore, the light intensity increases
as well. Consequently, the refraction angle of the light
emitted by that star increases so that a violet shift must
occur. If, however, the star moves away from us, the speed
of light decreases proportional to the speed of the
escaping star because this time the distances between the
photonic rockets become larger. The light intensity
decreases, too. Consequently, the refraction angle of the
light emitted by that star becomes smaller, of course,
resulting in a red shift. This Doppler's principle, when
applied to the undulation theory, implies the biggest
theoretical difficulties which up to now have not yet been
precisely solved. When
we conclude that the speed of light is constant, this
conclusion, according to the regularity described here,
applies only to the spreading of light within a space
having a constant temperature. The measure of force
(density multiplied by voltage) of a photonic rocket is
certainly constant, but it makes a difference whether the
photonic particle rushes through a space having a high
actual electricity density and a low voltage or through a
space having a low density and a high voltage. We know
that the density of the actual solar electricity increases
at decreasing temperatures (aphelion) and decreases at
rising temperatures (perihelion). So, the velocity of the
light beam will decrease when the temperature falls and
will increase when the temperature rises. Should this be
proven in a laboratory by measuring the speed of light
within an appropriately long chamber having a temperature
of plus 60 °C, this speed of light would have to be
higher than in a chamber at 20 °C. If this assumption
were confirmed, the red or violet shift of the K line
might be explained as being caused by the light passing
through colder or warmer zones, respectively, which
decrease or increase the speed thus resulting in a red or
violet shift, respectively. With respect to our Earth, the
red and violet shift would have the same cause. When we
mover farther from the sun starting on December 21, the
sunlight has to pass through ever colder zones until June
21 which would mean a delay of the speed of light and
hence a red shift, while on the other hand the light
passes through ever warmer zones from June 21 to December
21 which would mean an increase in the speed of light and
hence a violet shift. So
if tests confirmed this assumption, in which the author
has not the slightest doubt, the incredible thesis that
the spiral nebulae with their countless number of suns
rush away from our Milky Way system at a speed of ten
thousand kilometers per second would have become void
because the degree of red or violet shift would only be a
measure for the varying cold or hot state of the space
which the light from these spiral systems has to pass
through. How
can we explain the spectrum alteration when the
temperature of a gas to be studied is increased or
decreased? We have stated previously that the zone of
dynamic equilibrium of an energy ball is that zone in
which the core electricity expanding due to the influence
of the higher ambient temperature and the actual
electricity outside the energy ball which heads for its
primeval condition of coldness are balanced. A rising
ambient temperature automatically expands the zone of
dynamic equilibrium because the gradient between the
inside and the outside increases while a falling ambient
temperature decreases the gradient resulting in a
shrinking diameter of the zone of dynamic equilibrium.
Therefore, a rise in the (ambient) temperature enlarges
the rocket diameter causing a violet shift in the
spectrum, while a decrease of the ambient temperature
shortens the rocket diameter causing a red shift in the
spectrum. The
reason why the increasing atomic weight of the substances
shifts the spectral lines towards the red end of the
spectrum is that the refraction angle of the light emitted
by the substances becomes smaller when the energy ball
diameter shrinks as we have clearly seen when we described
the beam path through the prism. As the spectrum between
ultraviolet and ultrared covers all known and still
unknown substances, we can regard the spectrum as a scale
of the substance components and their core temperatures.
Thus, the photonic rocket diameters and the core
temperatures of the energy balls are of different
magnitude in all their positions from ultraviolet to
ultrared. So
one cannot say that the photonic rockets of the respective
bandwidths of red, for example, have only one diameter,
but rather that across the entire bandwidth a continuous
transition from one diameter to the next is to be assumed.
Locations characterized by dark, so-called Fraunhofer's
lines lack the respective rocket diameters so that we see
a gap primarily caused by the absence of certain energy
balls or photonic rockets or possibly by absorption. When
photonic rockets of such like diameters are impinged on
from the opposite direction, their velocities cancel each
other out and hence disappear from the spectrum, i.e. dark
lines appear on these locations. It would be wrong to
imagine the diameters of the zones of dynamic equilibrium
of the energy balls or photonic rockets as the outer
border of the photonic balls, but one must rather think of
an invisible field of force extending beyond these tiny
balls and essentially contributing to the rolling-off and
tilting movements. This is similar to the nanomagnet the
force range of which extends well beyond its substantial
portion. Future chemistry will have to take into account
the individual energy ball diameters in order to achieve
full clarity about the possibilities of combination for
forming new substances. In view of this fact, it seems
impossible to make any positive statements about the
character of substances of other celestial bodies. The
earth is reached by energy balls (photonic rockets) having
a wide variety of diameters and core temperatures which
are grouped within our geosphere with its specific earthly
voltage and density conditions in the order in which they
appear in the spectrum corresponding with the prism of
their diameter sequence. It is therefore impossible to
assume that the substances of other celestial bodies are
identical with the earthly substances. The common base of
the substances of the various celestial bodies is
represented by the primeval components of the world which
we have come to know as energy balls or photonic rockets.
All substances of the celestial bodies are made of these
primeval components in correspondence with the respective
regularities of those bodies. The regularities of
substance compounds on the planets of our solar system are
determined by their respective distance from the sun. What
we, on our planet Earth, call for instance iron, copper,
nickel, etc., applies only to the earth. Due to their
various distances from the sun, other substance compound
exist on the other planets. Indeed, the fact that the
meteors which beat down on the earth always consist mainly
of iron proves that any substance which reaches a state of
white heat due to the friction with the atmosphere is
subjected to the earth's regularity and hence regrouped,
and that in this earthly zone with its distinct voltage
condition nothing but 90 % of iron, 8 % of nickel, and 2 %
of various substances can be formed. 42
The
main objection raised again and again by the followers of
Goethe's color theory against the multicolored composition
of white light is the opinion that mixing the individual
colors by rotating the color circle does not result in
pure white, but in a dirty gray. The reason is, however,
that the mixed colors are no pure spectral colors except
the spectral colors collected on one spot by a convex
lens. The followers of Goethe's color theory deny this
latter proof because they think that the voltage
conditions of white light caused by a prism are cancelled
out by a convex lens. The following experiment which the
author repeated several times clearly disproves all these
illogical objections. When the pure spectral colors sorted
by a prism are mixed by a fast, oscillating movement of
the prism, as illustrated in Fig. 42, a pure white light
appears on the screen. If the oscillating movement is
slowed down, the spectrum becomes visible at first at the
return points only while becoming visible over the entire
path if the movement is slowed down further. In order to
determine whether the oscillating spectrum appears really
white against the white sunlight, a second prism of the
same size is made to join in the oscillating movement of
the first prism wherein the second prism is offset by 120
angular degrees so that no spectrum but only white light hits the screen from this prism next to
the spectrum of the first prism. When both prisms perform
the same oscillating movement, not the slightest
difference can be detected between the two strips of
light. Regarding this experiment, one cannot say that the
voltage conditions cancel each other out. 43
The
second objection raised by Goethe then and repeated by all
his followers nowadays is that immediately behind the
prism the eye does not discern any colors but only white
light. But if one objectively follows the beam path
through the prism to the screen as shown in Fig. 43, one
finds out that at first the white light hits the whole
entry face of the prism. As mentioned earlier, all
photonic rockets of various sizes are mixed in the white
light, pass the space without order and hit the entry face
of the prism in this state, they follow their path through
the prism according to their deflection towards the
oblique opposite exit face and are deflected there once
again. Due to their double, i.e. total, deflection the
photonic rockets exiting from the second prism face have
nearly the same size and distance differences as at the
time of their entry into the prism. Due to their differing
diameters, they deviate from each other in their further
trajectories so that the visible spectrum from red to
violet becomes coherent only from a certain distance
between the prism and the screen with the width of the
spectrum depending upon the width of the exit face of the
prism. It is quite obvious that the eye can only discern
white light behind the exit face within an exactly
determinable light wedge (Fig. 43) because this light
wedge contains all colored photonic rockets which reach
the eye and create in their entirety the perception of
white light. If one takes into consideration that
according to Ramoeny/Cajal every square millimeter of the
retina opposite the entry aperture of the eye holds an
average of 13,000 nerval ends plus the receptive elements
such as rods and cones, one will understand that, due to
the nearly unconceivable small diameters of the photonic
rockets, the latter give off their charge between the rods
and cones thus creating in this tiny area a perception
corresponding to their discharge which, if all colored
photonic rockets occurring in white light discharge
simultaneously, is the perception "white". Fig.
43 further illustrates that the region outside the white
light wedge no longer comprises all colored photonic
rockets but only the violet-blue and red-yellow ones. The
overlapping or mixed colors indigo-green-orange were
omitted. So, only part of the photonic rockets from
outside the white light wedge hit the retina of our eyes
so that we can never discern these edge beams as white
light as it is perceived within the white photonic rocket
wedge behind the exit face of the prism. Thus, the second
objection of Goethe's color theory has also become
irrelevant. The
Formation of Normal Spectra
Fig.
44 schematically shows the path and deflection of photonic
rockets during the passage through a narrow gap. It is
easily obvious from this illustration that those photonic
rockets which hit the gap edges 1 and 2 are deflected in a
different way according to their rocket diameters. Here,
too, the smaller diameters roll off less than the larger
diameters. Therefore, the first colored rockets of the
first order spectrum appearing at the right and left sides
on the screen are the red ones while the violet ones
appear last. The center of the gap allows all colored
rockets contained in the white light to pass and are
discerned as white on the screen. This phenomenon can
nicely be observed if one looks to the sun through a gap
having a width of 1/1,000 millimeter and a thickness of
1/100 mm, and especially if the gap is positioned in the
focal point of a strong magnifying lens mounted inside a
tube. The gap may also be replaced by a circular aperture
having a diameter of 1/1,000 mm. In this case, however,
the spectrum does not consist of parallel lengthwise
strips, but naturally of concentric rings having the same
color sequence as the gap spectrum. 44
45
How
can we explain the cause of the spectra of the first,
second, and third orders in the light of the rocket
principle? Let us first show with reference to Fig. 45 how
to imagine the action of the photonic rockets impinging on
a gap wedge. It is possible for any photonic rocket to hit
any point of a front gap edge with its front hemisphere.
It is essentially this hit which determines whether the
photonic rockets are deflected to the first, second, or
third order or whether the photonic rockets are blocked,
absorbed, or scattered so as to be regarded as diffuse. As
the bandwidth of red includes a large number of
transitions from one rocket diameter to another as well as
all shades of red, we want to use in our example the red
of Fraunhofer's line A which due to its unique hue has a
unique rocket diameter and hence a unique deflection. This
deflection is illustrated in Fig. 45 in connection with
three different impingement points of the front hemisphere
of the rocket assuming that the trajectory angle a1 of the
rocket be approximately 60°. When impinging at an angle
of approximately 60°, the rocket impinges on the edge K1
as an obstacle and rolls off accordingly. The rocket
trajectory inclines to the right, and the reactive force
of the rocket makes it drift to the left near the edge K2
so that we see on the screen the color red in the 1st
order and a dark line K3 as the outermost border line.
This dark line appears inevitably and is nothing but the
result of like rocket diameters which have aligned
frontally by the gap edge K2. As we have seen before, red
includes many shades which are caused by larger rocket
diameters towards yellow. For this reason, numerous dark
lines follow on K3, each line being nothing but the
frontal alignment of photonic rockets of like size caused
by the lower gap edge K2. A proof of the fact that these
dark gap lines K3 have nothing whatsoever to do with
undular lines is that these K3 lines extend in parallel
irrespective of the shape of the gap line K2 - be it wavy
or curved or zigzag - while being in direct connection
with the different diameters of the photonic rockets.
These dark K3 lines appear dark only because they
represent the point-chained edge borders of the rocket
diameters and have no effect whatsoever onto the retina.
They would not appear at all if the discharge of the
rockets encircling them did not cause a color perception. The
red light strip of the 2nd order represents a
rocket impingement angle a2 of approximately 40° relative
to the rocket's trajectory. In this case, the rocket meets
an even larger resistance in the edge K1 and hence rolls
off more so that the rocket's trajectory inclines more to
the right causing the reactive force to drive the rocket
more to the left at the edge K2. So the color red of the 2nd
order appears on the screen. Here, too, the dark lines
appear as described above. As regards the red of the 3rd
order, the rocket impingement angle a3 is approximately
20° relative to the trajectory. For exactly the same
reasons, the deflection is larger than with the red of the
2nd order. Here, too, the dark edge lines
appear due to the frontal alignment of like rocket
diameters. 46
Finally,
Fig. 46 shows the formation of the entire spectra of the 1st,
2nd, and 3rd orders by inserting the
increasing colored rockets yellow-blue-violet. In
correspondence with the increasing rocket diameters the
deflection increases due to the increasing tilting
momentum so that the missing colors are continuously
supplemented. For the sake of clarity, the rocket
impingements were only illustrated by the angles a1, a2,
a3 and the trajectory by arrows. It is assumed that most
probably the photonic rocket impingements on the gap edge
K1 vary within certain limits causing the rocket
trajectories to slightly diffuse which becomes evident by
the broader base line of the spectra and the transitions
between the individual colors. 47
After
having basically explained the phenomena of light, we now
can dare to deal with the polarization of light. If we
were able to make a cross-section across the beam
direction of a bundle of light beams, we would see the
result illustrated in Fig. 47: We would discern nothing
but a number of photonic rockets of different sizes having
a torn opening on their rear hemispheres from which core
electricity flows out from the smallest diameters at the
lowest voltage and highest density and from the largest
diameters at the highest voltage and least density. Let us
now direct such a bundle of beams at a right angle onto a
ring R positioned in front of a prism P in Fig. 48. 48
All
beams or photonic rockets touching the outer and inner
ring edges K1, K2, K3, K4 are deflected from their
trajectories while all other beams follow their
trajectories uninhibited outside the ring and inside the
ring hole so that they impinge on the entry face of the
prism without deflection at a distinct angle of incidence
a. These beams or photonic rockets pass through the prism,
as described above, are discerned as white light
immediately behind the prism within the light wedge, and
appear as colored edge beams outside the light wedge due
to their incomplete composition. When we firstly study
those deflected beams which contact the outer ring edge K1
and K2 on their trajectories, we surprisingly find out
that the angle of incidence a1 of the upper photonic
rocket is increased by its deflection angle b1 while the
angle of incidence a2 of the lower photonic rocket is
decreased by its deflection angle b2. When we now look to
the beam deflection at the inner ring edge K3 and K4, we
find here that the angle of incidence b3 of the upper
photonic rocket is decreased this time by the value of its
deflection angle b3 while the angle of incidence a4 of the
lower photonic rocket is this time increased by its
deflection angle b4. All photonic rockets the angles of
incidence a of which are decreased, start with the color
red and yellow while all photonic rockets the angles of
incidence of which are increased beyond the normal angle
of incidence a start with the color blue and violet. Thus,
polarization is a lawful bisection or centered division of
the spectrum on the basis of the subtraction or addition
of the respective rocket deflection angles b from or to
the normal angle of incidence a. In Fig. 48, a ring was
chosen purposefully because it allows to obtain all
possible degrees of polarization from zero to the highest
degree of deflection at 90°. This highest degree of
deflection is achieved at the point where tangents of the
outer and inner ring edges extend parallel to the prism
axis while the lowest degree of polarization, i.e. 0°, is
reached at the point where the tangents of the outer and
inner ring edges extend at 90°, i.e. at a right angle,
relative to the prism axis. The range between zero and
90° includes all subtractions and addition angles of the
photonic rockets. If in our ring example one performs a
circular movement from the central ring axis upward to the
outer ring edge, i.e. from 0° to 90°, the deflection of
the photonic rockets increases, i.e. the angles of
incidence a become larger. When moving beyond 90°, the
deflection angles become smaller again until they reach
0° or the normal angle of incidence a at 180°. If one
moves beyond 180° downward, the deflection of the
photonic rockets increases again up to 260° but with the
difference that the respective angles of incidence a
become smaller. From 270° to 360°, the angles of
incidence increase again and reach at 360° or the point
of origin 0° the normal angle of incidence a. If one
follows in the same manner the contact point of the
photonic rockets at the inner edge of the ring from 0° to
90° upward, the respective angles of incidence do not
become larger than in the case of the outer ring edge, but
smaller until at 180° they have shrunk to zero, i.e. the
normal angle of incidence a. Likewise, the angles of
incidence do not become smaller than at the outer edge
from 180° to 270° until they reach the normal angle of
incidence again a at 360° or 0°. 49
What
causes the polarization to decrease to zero when the outer
and inner ring tangents are at right angles to the prism
axis, i.e. that the photonic rockets are not sorted
according to their color values or diameters or magnitude
when they pass through the prism? Or in other words: Why
do we see the light edges at right angles to the prism
axis without colored edges? As illustrated by Fig. 49 as a
C-D cross-section of Fig. 48, it is the same principle of
the beam path as with regard to plane-parallel glass panes
which we have described earlier with reference to Fig. 40.
When the photonic rockets K5 and K6 contact the inner ring
edges, they are deflected and on entering and exiting
subjected to a deflection a5-a8 relative to the
perpendicular or a parallel shift. Hence, no polarization
can occur within the 90° position. In
this context, let us recall the experiment using a gap
having a width of 1/1,000 mm and a thickness of 1/100 mm.
If one looks through the gap at a rod positioned in front
of a light source, this rod shows very sharp contours when
the gap direction is at a right angle relative to the rod,
while the rod loses its sharp contours when the gap is
rotated by some fractions of a degree and becomes
invisible when the gap is rotated by 90°. This phenomenon
becomes fully clear when applying the refraction laws of
the photonic rockets described earlier to it. Reflection
of Light
When
light beams from a light source impinge on substances, the
latter become visible and appear to the eye in a distinct
color. The incident beams are reflected from the surface
of the substances in another mixture or composition
according to the substance surface. Depending upon the
condition of the reflecting surface, the beams are
reflected in a definite direction or diffusely. Smooth
surfaces reflect the beams more or less regularly while
rough surfaces reflect them irregularly to all sides. The
Cause of Reflection
When
we regard the incident beam of light as consisting of
energy ball rockets, the deeper relations between
reflection, color and surface condition of the irradiated
substance impinged on are easily understood. When one
considers the dimensions of the energy ball rockets and
the distances of the energy balls at the surface of an
irradiated substance, it becomes clear that every
substance retains a certain number of photonic rockets of
a certain size, i.e. diameter, depending upon the energy
ball groupings of the substance and the respective smaller
or bigger recesses and cavities on its surface.
Consequently, only distinct sorts of rockets from the
surface of the substance reach the eye and cause the
respective discharge, i.e. color perception, between the
rods and cones of the retina. If, due to the surface
condition of the substance, all or rather the vast
majority of the photonic rockets are retained in the
recesses and cavities of the substance surface, we
perceive this substance as black. The light is, as we
usually say, absorbed. As a natural consequence, the
photonic rockets transfer their accumulation heat to the
substance. If only few or, as with total reflection, no
photonic rockets are retained, we perceive the substance
as white, or we see the white light. When the light is
absorbed, i.e. when the photonic rockets are caught by a
black substance, they exercise a pressure onto the
substance according to their speed and mass or kinetic
energy (m•v2)/2 known as irradiation pressure. As the
photonic rocket is an elastic body, it is thrown back or
reflected according to the mechanical law of pushing
completely elastic bodies. In most cases, however, it is
highly probable that the throwing back causes a respective
change of direction of the rocket's reactive force as we
have described with reference to the normal spectrum. The
Radiometer
When
the photonic rockets are reflected from a smooth and white
surface according to the law of pushing elastic bodies,
they transfer not all of their kinetic energy to the
surface impinged on. If, however, the photonic rockets hit
a black surface, they are swallowed, i.e. absorbed, by it
so that the black surface receives their complete kinetic
energy. The difference between the two torques of the
white and black surfaces caused by the kinetic energy
determines the rotating direction of the radiometer which
was invented by Crookes, an Englishman, in 1874. Much
might still be said about the spreading and curving of
light and its many optical phenomena, especially about
polarized light, the generation of divergent radiation,
the iridescent edges of lenses and their elimination by
the use of optical crown and optical flint as well as the
double refraction of light in calcite. Also, it would be
very interesting to study the influence of gravity on the
photonic rockets which we have learned to know as mass
particles. The assumed existence of photonic rockets
provides also an explanation of the influence of a
magnetic field on the so-called polarization plane of
light which in our way of viewing is similar to the
photonic rocket alignment by means of gap edges K1, K2. It
is known that even Faraday has proven this influence. The
other effect of magnetism in connection with light which
Zeemann found 40 years later is also explained. On the
basis of the light regularity described hereinbefore,
everybody can find answers to all questions in this
respect. Goethe's
and Newton's Conception of Light
But
what about Goethe's opinion that the white light is not a
composite light but the unique simple light and that the
colors come into being only by turbidities or constraints
imposed on the white light by the substances? In the light
of our aforementioned studies we have to say: From the
purely emotional viewpoint of his artistic, intuitive
perception, Goethe was certainly on the right way to the
full truth, but was wrong compared with Newton in
asserting that the white light was the unique simple
light. Newton presented the experimental proof of his
conception, although this proof, too, was not quite sound
as we have seen. Exact research has fully confirmed
Newton's conception while it was possible to
scientifically disprove Goethe's assertion. Goethe,
and probably all other artists, try to conclude from the
whole to the individual, while analytical naturalists and
maybe all scientists take the individual out of the whole,
scrupulously study this individual and conclude from the
individual to the whole. Our above considerations show,
however, that the primeval construction material or the
first physical condition of the substances including light
is the core electricity, i.e. the potential energy or
power, and that every substantial, heating and
illuminating matter emanates from this power. So one may
confidently describe this core electricity in Goethe's
words as the "unique simple". However, one must
not generalize this important perception unilaterally as
Goethe did, but must accept the facts found as facts and
has to acknowledge that the light perceived as white
consists of a sum of individual lights perceived as
colored. Goethe kept a higher conception on a level which
would have deserved thorough clarification. Newton was on
the way to this clarification by his studies. Goethe, on
the other hand, used sharp and offensive expressions to
renounce a scientific clarification. It was this
renunciation which ruined his color theory. Nevertheless,
we have to admit with the artist Goethe, "The eye
owes its being to the light" and "If not the eye
were sun-like, how could we see the light? If God's own
power lived in us, then where's divine delight?" A
New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending
upon the Earth's Rotation
50
Fig.
50 schematically illustrates a device for measuring the
speed of light depending upon the earth's rotation. This
device essentially consists of a constant light source L,
two photocells A-B, two electric display instruments and
appropriate optical equipment. The whole device is
rotatably mounted on a vertical axis. The device operates
as follows: For the purpose of calibration, the whole
measuring device is at first rotated on the horizontal
plane so that the common axis of the photocells assumes a
north-south and the Y axis of the light source an
east-west orientation. In this calibrating position, the
values displayed on the display instruments are read. When
the whole measuring system is rotated by 90° so that the
X axis of the photocells takes the east-west and the Y
axis of the light sources the north-south orientation, the
photocells are no longer scanned evenly but unevenly by
the bundles of beams of the light sources because in the
time unit up to the arrival of the light beam photocell A
has reached the A1 position and photocell B the B1
position. Thus, when moving the whole system out of its
original position at a v/c ratio of 1:1, the illuminating
force acting on the receiving surfaces A and B changes.
Thus, the light intensity on the light-sensitive screen A1
decreases while it increases at the same ratio on screen
B1. Another reading of the values displayed on the display
instruments yields a difference compared with the values
read in the calibrating position which difference is
proportional to the speed of light and the rotation of the
earth. The instrument of photo-screen A1 displays a
negative and the instrument of screen B1 a positive value.
As the angle of incidence of the light as well as the
two-sided displacement of the screens A-B in the direction
of the earth's rotation can be precisely calculated and
thus regarded as known quantities, the increase or
decrease of the surface intensity can be calculated with
utmost precision and read on the instruments calibrated
for the speed of light. Summary
1.
Light
Light
is a specific perception of the intensity of the core
electricity flowing out of an energy ball on the retina of
an eye and represents the transition from the second to
the first physical condition of substances. 2.
Spreading of light
When
the zone of dynamic equilibrium of an energy ball is
disturbed by unilateral heating, the core electricity
flows out of the energy ball with the resulting reaction
driving it away in the opposite direction following the
rocket principle. 3.
Speed of light
The
speed of light depends upon the measure of force (density
multiplied by voltage) of the core electricity flowing out
of an energy ball rocket which has the same power in all
energy balls. Part
Five
The Cause of Movement of Celestial
Bodies
The Cause of Movement of Celestial
Bodies
If the thoughts and ideas we have
formed on the basis of the vortex theory about the world
of the small - the microcosmos - tally with reality, then
they must also correspond with reality when we apply them
logically to the world of the big - the macrocosmos.
Indeed, the vortex current law which we can prove in
small-scale experiments corresponds in all details with
the law of movement of our solar system as well as of the
spiral or vortex nebulae, and we are even able to
determine the direction of axis rotation of the planets,
the moons and the sun as well as the direction of the
planet orbits around the sun on the basis of our knowledge
about currents. Further we find a satisfactory explanation
for the reverse orbits of some moons and some comets.
Starting from the ideas developed above, let us now make
an attempt to come to a rough, but concrete idea about the
formation of our solar system. In this attempt, we do not
want to repeat the mistake of Kant's and Laplace's theory
and abandon ourselves to any blind chance in lawfulness.
Also, in considering the classic experimental proof of the
effect of the cleavage of the planets using the well-known
drop of oil, we do not want to neglect the fact that the
idea and the power of the teacher form the background for
the rotation of the drop of oil. Likewise, in our
considerations about the formation of the world we do not
want to ignore the fact that logically the idea of the
world, too, must be the basis of its formation and that a
force must exist to convert the idea to reality. Just as
everything on the small earthly scale is nothing but a
simile or image of the unfading big, and just as nothing
happens which has not been worked out somewhere, we have
to be consequent in our assumption that in the world of
the big, too, nothing happens without having been worked
out beforehand in all its details and having been
determined as an idea. To find out or at least suspect who
is the great and magnificent thinker and creator of all
that is happening in the big wide world is the sake of any
individual. What we are dealing with here is related only
to the constriction material and the constructional
schedule of the apparent phenomena and movements of a
purely physical and mechanical type within our solar
system. Let us first assume that the space
in which our solar system is located was, in a most
distant past, a substance-free cavity in outer space, i.e.
that this space was on the lowest possible cosmic pole of
coldness and was filled with nothing but potential
electricity and/or matter in its first physical state. The Formation of Our Solar System
Thus, this potential electricity
would have been at its highest concentration in said
cavity as it was at the absolute cosmic zero point. If we
had been able to observe this cavity from outside, we
would certainly not have been struck by anything
particular except from the fact that this cavity was only
a dark cavity within outer space, just as we nowadays can
observe such dark cavities or recesses outside our solar
system. It is true that nowadays these dark cavities are
usually regarded as nebulous masses. According to our
considerations, however, they are no nebulous masses but
substance-free cavities in space. How is it possible then
that neither a beam of light nor any other worldly body is
able to penetrate these cavities? Our expositions above
allow us to answer this question quite easily. We have
understood that substances are nothing but dynamic
equilibrium zones of opposite forces and that these forces
are determined by the low cavity temperature of the energy
balls and the ambient
temperature of the actual electricity. Now, if the ambient
temperature equals the cavity temperature, then the zone
of equilibrium and with it the substance character will
disappear, i.e. the substance becomes invisible, vanishes,
leaving behind only the potential core electricity. Now,
as the dark cavities in the universe are cavities of
potential electricity being at the absolute cosmic zero
point, it becomes clear to us that anything substantial -
including a light beam - dissolves and physically
disappears as soon as it enters such cavities, because the
cavity temperatures of the substantial energy balls equal
or nearly equal the ambient temperature, i.e. the
temperature of the dark cavities. The case was not
different prior to the formation of our solar system. Now
we can imagine how this dark cavity of our solar system
gradually started to rumble at its outer border due to the
omnidirectional irradiation of the surrounding fixed stars
or due to a heat flow from one or several star
constellations. Although each beam of light dived into
this cavity, its accumulating heat conveyed at the cavity
border caused an irritation triggered off by the expansion
of the core electricity. When in addition major heat
radiation had an effect on certain spots, eruptions at the
outer circumference occurred. One can imagine in this way
that most gradually a tendency towards forming a dynamic
zone of equilibrium of the space cavity which more and
more aimed at an omnidirectional pressure compensation.
This pressure or power compensation could reach its
completeness only in a spherical shape because only this
shape allows an even distribution of the omnidirectional
pressure forces. The substance formation possible at first
at the circumference comprised of gases having a low
cavity temperature. If there were heat gradients from
certain star constellations to the cavity, the gases must
have gathered within the gradients as nebulae. According
to the intensity of these heat gradients and to the
imbalance of the cavity filled with potential electricity,
larger and stronger eruptions and ejections of potential
electricity occurred, in particular at the beginning. As
heat development progressed from the outside to the
inside, the potential electricity volume entered a space
of higher temperature, so that here, too, on the one hand
the ejected potential electricity being at the cosmic zero
point immediately started to expand at its outer border
while on the other hand the actual ambient electricity
being at a higher temperature headed for its primary
state, the coldness thus forming a dynamic zone of
equilibrium being well-balanced in all directions. In this
way we have to imagine the formation of the planets. for
this reason, the development of our solar system started
with the outer planets with their large dimensions. The
smaller and more balanced the potential electricity volume
became, which we call the sun today, the smaller were the
dimensions of the inner and younger planets. Thus, the
planets are potential electricity cores ejected from the
cavity filled with potential electricity and are at the
absolute cosmic zero point. The core of the sun is a still
existing remainder of the large former cavity and is also
at the absolute cosmic zero point. >From a substance
point of view, one may define this cavity as well as the
cavities of the planets and moons as substance-free
cavities of the solar system. The Secret of the Sunspots
Since mankind has known the
existence of sunspots, this phenomenon has been discussed
and written about. Numerous sunspot theories have been
presented so far. Even the recent research was
unable to give a satisfactory answer with respect to the
character of the sunspots although the observations permit
certain conclusions. Pictures of the sun taken with
monochromatic light (J. Strobbe Handbuch der
Experimentalphysik, vol "Astrophysik") show
that material vortex fields exist above the actual
sunspots and that the movement of same proceeds
tangentially to the sun in such a way that there is an
inward flow into the spot in the higher layers
(15'000 km) and an outward flow from the spot in
the lower layers. Spectroheliograms of different
strata of the sun surface illustrated on page 144 of
"Zur Erforschung des Weltalls" [About the
Exploration of the Universe] by Bruggencate and Kopff
allow very interesting insights. These illustrations make
clear that the actual sunspots appear to be covered by
light clouds. However, a heliograph makes it possible to
penetrate these covering cloud strata so that only dark,
hole-like shapes remain. Although the usual opinion
prevails nowadays that the spots seem to be in no way dark
compared with really dark objects such as the moon during
a sun eclipse or Venus when passing the sun. The dark
spots are mainly regarded as a brightness difference on
the sun surface with the brightness ratio between normal
sun surface and central spot area being approximately
1:10. The basic mistake in the evaluation of the
differences of brightness also lies in the fact that the
distance between the sun, its spots, and the planets and
the moon passing in front of the sun has been neglected.
There is a tremendous difference between discerning a dark
spot directly on the plane of a shining base or, as in the
case of the passage of the planets, at giant distances
between the spot and its covering. In the former case, the
blooming and diffusion of the light has a most remarkable
effect and makes the spot appear considerably brighter
while in the second case the diffuse light is directed so
that the object appears considerably darker. Even today
the sunspots permit us an insight into the large remaining
cavity. What we see therein is a substance-free cavity
filled with the primary physical state of matter, a
remainder of the former large cavity of that space in
which our planets, planetoids and moons orbit today. This
is the whole secret of the controversial sunspots! Thus,
there is complete darkness inside the sun because - for
the reasons discussed above - no beam of light can get
inside or come outside. The temperature of the sun's
interior may be assessed to be minus five million degrees
centigrade. It is highly probable that the dynamic zone of
equilibrium of the expanding potential internal and the
shrinking actual external electricity is the photosphere.
Starting from this zone, the accumulating heat decreases
inwards as well as outwards. The permanent enormous
radiation of the energy ball light rockets is connected
with a gradual inward displacement and/or shrinking of the
sun's dynamic zone of equilibrium causing, on its part and
at the same ratio, an increasing contact between the
accumulating heat which decreases inwardly and the core
electricity thus expanding the latter at the contact zone.
The enormous and scarcely decreasing energy resources lie
just in the immensely deep temperature of the sun's core.
This is also the reason why an energy ball light rocket
may pass through outer space at a very high speed for
thousands of years without getting considerably exhausted,
which however is not meant to say that many light beams do
not fade on their way due to the lack of energy reserves.
The latter becomes clear when one takes into consideration
the numerous lines or speed gaps or light rocket
breakdowns of the spectra of very distant stars. This view
is also helpful to understand how it is possible that in
the world of fixed stars small stars suddenly inflate to
become giant stars such as Nova Pictoris in 1925 or Nova
Hercules in 1934. It is clear that in case of a too fast
approximation of the decreasing accumulating heat towards
the core electricity an omnidirectional explosive
expansion of the latter and thus an outward displacement
of the dynamic zone of equilibrium, i.e. an enlargement of
the star, must occur. The Gigavortex of the Sun
This continuously expanding core
electricity of the sun is driven out of the sun like a
nearly eternal well and flows, in accordance to its
primary state, towards the cold zones of the planet space.
As with the planet poles, it has to be assumed with regard
to the solar poles that descending helical flows occur and
that whole gas patches adjust themselves like magnets
rectangularly to the flow and are driven from the outside
to the poles. In accordance with the vortex laws found in
the small scale and with the direction of the sun's
rotation and the vortex flow direction of the earth it is
to be assumed that the cold zones of the planet space
extend helically and/or vortex-like. So the continuously
escaping core electricity of the sun would flow towards
these cold zones wherein the vortex law: determines the
flow direction between the earth and the sun, i.e. on the
day side, from the east to the west. The Megavortices of the Planets
Other cold zones are
the poles of the planets and the moons. Actual solar
electricity flows into these zones without interruption,
expands again near the warmer zones of equilibrium of the
planets and moons and is expelled again within the
equators up to the higher degrees of latitude in vortices
and/or ascending helices. The unilateral solar irradiation
onto the planets and moons also generates heat gradients
on them which cause the formation of further vortices. As
the planets and moons also have core electricity, here
also occurs a progressing decrease of their dynamic zones
of equilibrium and consequently a gradual but continuous
consumption of their
potential core electricity. Even within the heat
gradients created on the planets and moons, the
inhomogeneous actual electric vortex flow emanating from
the sun in a particular direction determines the direction
of the escaping actual planetary and lunar electricity. The Minivortices of the Moons
Thus there are independent
intrinsic vortices of the planets and moons plus an
additional vortex flow from the sun. It shall further be
noted that the moons have another additional vortex
generated by the core electricity emanating from their
respective planets. So we may say that the sun has a
gigavortex reclamping the entire solar system, the planets
have a megavortex generated by planetary and solar
electricity, and the moons have a minivortex consisting of
their intrinsic vortex plus their additional planetary and
solar vortex flow. Although the potential core electricity
of the celestial bodies of our solar system has a common
origin we prefer to designate their respective electricity
as solar electricity, Mercury electricity, Venus
electricity, earth electricity, Mars electricity, lunar
electricity, etc. with a view to their different voltage
state corresponding to their distance from the sun. 51
Fig. 51 schematically illustrates
the arrangement of the vortex flows of the actual solar
and planetary electricity in the east-west flow direction
we have found on our earth. For reasons of clarity, the
moons have been omitted in the illustration. The moon and
its flows in their reciprocal relation with the earth and
the sun shall be explained more clearly below. As can be
seen in Fig. 51, all planets have the same flow direction
while the direction of the solar vortex flow runs
opposite. As mentioned already, the moons have, apart from
their intrinsic vortex and the solar vortex - flowing in
the same direction as the planetary vortices -, an
additional vortex caused by the megavortex of their
respective planet and having a flow direction opposite to
the intrinsic and the solar vortex. The Polar Position of the Planets
and Moons Relative to the Sun
As we have mentioned earlier, the
polarity of a vortex goes back to its flow direction.
Therefore and with reference to Fig. 51, the visible poles
of the planets directed towards the viewer are north poles
while the visible pole of the sun is a south pole. Thus,
opposite flows occur between the planets the accumulated
component of which causes a reciprocal repulsion. So, a
destructive direct collision or a reciprocal catching of
planets is completely excluded. The Cause of Planets and Moons
Orbiting Around the Sun
But as the sun's south pole is
located on the side of the planets' north poles, there
exists flow equality between the sun and the planets and
flow polarity on the night side of the planets averted
from the sun. This polarity between the additional solar
vortex field of the earth on the one hand and the
gigavortex field of the sun on the other causes an
accumulating effect the resulting force of which presses
the earth towards the sun. Now, if the flow of the solar
gigavortex were no helical or vortex flow but a concentric
annular flow, the planets would be pressed towards the sun
transversely to the flow, i.e. radially on the shortest
way. But as the flow of the gigavortex is helical, the
planets are not driven radially but nearly rectangularly
relative to the flow direction. Furthermore, as the flow
direction of the helices changes with each angular degree
of an assumed circle around the sun, the direction of the
resulting force of the flow accumulation component changes
with each angular degree as well. The Formation of the Elliptical
Planetary Orbits
The continuous direction change of
the resulting force as a whole brings about the effect of
the planetary orbit which, depending upon the ascent of
the solar gigavortex, is more or less similar to an
ellipse. If the flow of the solar gigavortex around the
sun had the form of mathematically exact helices, the
planets would orbit on exactly descending paths. But as
things are, we have to assume that the flow of the solar
gigavortex, similar to the spiral nebulae, comprises two
main arms at an offset of 180° having steeper tangential
angles each of which imparts the elliptical kick. Recent
research activities have already discovered more than two
thousand million spiral nebulae in the universe 80 % of
which being double-arm spiral nebulae. So we have to come
to the conclusion that our solar system is no exception
and must be considered as a double-arm spiral systems.
Although now no nebulae are to be found in our solar
system, we may, due to the elliptic orbits of our planets,
assume that an invisible double-arm helical flow exists
just as the helical flows of magnets exist without being
visible. Thus we see before us once again
and at a maximum scale the accumulating effect described
above several times. When this accumulating effect is
effective, the heat and light phenomena associated with it
must become perceivable, too. The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and
the Polar Light
Indeed we find a temperature
increase in the higher air strata of the accumulation or
night side of the earth and a temperature decrease on the
day side where no flow accumulation occurs. The light
phenomenon associated with the accumulating effect becomes
visible as so-called zodiacal light near the equator where
the strongest accumulating effect occurs. 52
The polar light represents a
similar light effect. As was described earlier, we find
descending vortex flows at the poles of the earth just
like in case of a magnet. At the mutual penetration zone
of these ascending and descending vortex flows,
accumulations are generated which cause heat and light
development and thus make the upper air strata light up in
a tape-, strip- or beam-like manner depending upon the
intensity of the accumulations (Fig. 52). Beneath the most
manifold shapes of polar lights one usually observes an
arch-shaped, undistorted helical or vortex thread of the
descending and/or ascending vortex flows. (It is not
difficult to prove this phenomenon in an experiment by
allowing the accumulation zones of a bar magnet to affect
light-sensitive plates in a nearly airless receptacle for
a longer period of time.) The intensity of these vortex
accumulations depends upon the actual solar electricity.
If the solar gigavortex field increases due to core
electricity eruptions, an increase in the megavortex
intensity occurs on the earth and the other planets which
finds its expression in the polar light, the so-called
magnetic thunderstorms, the general weather situation
(occurrence of periods of coldness) or in part in the
formation of cirrus clouds. Likewise, the rotational speed
of the geomagnetic differential motor which has been
mentioned several times above increases. It would be
highly interesting to determine whether an increase in the
vortex flow is able to influence on induction, to increase
gravity and to accelerate the earth as well as to
influence the secular flows of the planets and moons. As regards the core electricity
eruptions (protuberances) on the sun, it is highly
probable that these phenomena are related with the
shrinking of the dynamic zones of equilibrium. In view of
the enormous substance masses of the sun's mantle it
cannot be assumed that the precise alignment of the
dynamic zone of equilibrium occurs consistently during the
continuous shrinking, but it is more probable that the
alignment occurs periodically after having overcome
certain displacement resistances. The Years of Sunspot Maxima
To all appearances, the years of
sunspot maxima seem to be related with the periodical
alignment of the dynamic zone of equilibrium. Thus. it is
easy to understand that such an alignment also brings
about a periodical stronger contact between the
accumulated heat decreasing inwardly and the potential
core electricity. However, this temporarily stronger
contact leads to a temporarily more intense formation of
substance and expansion of core electricity at its
outermost border. Indeed, in such periods the substances
are often explosively ejected away from their inner
generation zone up to 900,000 km into the planetary space
due to the huge force of the sudden expansion of core
electricity. The so-called spots occurring after such
tremendous events are in fact nothing but openings which
have developed in the sun's mantle. These spots mainly
emerge within the ascending vortex flows at latitudes
between 5 and 40 degrees to the north and south of the
equator and offer a view into the sun's hollow interior
which is at the cosmic zero point and is filled with
potential electricity while being free from any substance
or light. Now the expanding potential electricity flows
out through these holes in the sun's mantle until the
inner compensation determined by the shrinking process has
been regained. As mentioned above, this escape causes the
intensity of the planets' vortex fields to increase. This
increase in intensity is confirmed very clearly by the
graphs shown in Fig. 53. Over a longer period of time,
these graphs show the complete correspondence between the
magnetic declination and the occurrence of sunspots. 53
We know from our earlier
considerations that a temperature increase causes a
voltage increase while a temperature decrease causes a
voltage decrease of the actual electricity. Thus, the
density of the actual electricity decreases with the
voltage increase and on the other hand increases with the
voltage decrease. So we have a higher voltage of the
actual electricity near the sun and a lower voltage far
from the sun. This means that the resulting forces of the
night-time accumulation components which cause the planets
to orbit around the sun decrease with the growing distance
from the sun. Thus, the orbiting of the planets gets
slower proportionately to their distance from the sun. We
can realize this with regard to our earth as it has its
highest speed near the sun (perihelion) and its lowest
speed far from the sun (aphelion). The Cause of the Rotation of the
Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own Axes
The
rotation of the sun and the planets around their own axes
can be explained in a very simple and illustrative manner
using this vortex theory. We can get a proper idea of this
phenomenon by looking at the known electric wheel or
flying wheel shown in Fig. 54 the tip discharge of which
causes the wheel to rotate in the opposite direction. The
same principle applies to the actual electric vortices.
The ascending east-west vortex flows of the planets push
them to the opposite, i.e. west-east direction and thus
impart a continuous torque on the planets. We have found
earlier that, apart from the actual solar electricity
vortices, the planets have their intrinsic vortices
ascending from inside. It is this vortex which gives the
planets their axial rotation. It should be taken into
account here which heat gradient and hence which voltage
and density the ascending vortex has. Near the sun, the
voltage of the solar electric vortex is very high while
its density is low; likewise, the outward heat gradient of
the ascending actual planetary electricity is low in the
vicinity of the sun, i.e. the planets being near to the
sun, namely Mercury and Venus, rotate slowly around their
axis while their orbiting around the sun is faster due to
the higher concentration and higher voltage of the actual
solar vortex and the resulting stronger accumulation
components compared with the orbiting of the planets being
farther away from the sun. Thus, the more we move away
from the sun, the more the voltage and concentration of
the actual solar electricity decreases, and the slower the
planets will orbit. Alternatively, the planets' outward
heat gradient from the zone of equilibrium gets larger and
increases the reciprocal vortex forces, thus making the
planets rotate faster around their own axes due to their
higher torques. The nearer the planets come to the sun,
the lower become their torques, but the larger become
their resulting accumulating forces which cause their
orbiting around the sun. With regard to the sun itself, we
realize a reversed rotation due to the gaseous physical
state of the sun's mantle. Here the substances are not
pushed backward but carried along by the east-west solar
electric vortex in the same direction. Hence, the sun
rotates around its axis from the east to the west, being
faster at its equator where the voltage of the ascending
actual solar electricity is highest than at a latitude of
about 40 degrees where the rotation delay amounts to two
days. 54
Regarding their mutual influences,
the planets, planetoids and moons behave quite similar to
a number of bar magnets suspended at certain distances
from each other, the north poles of which are directed
towards one direction. This fact of the mutual repulsive
impact fully corresponds with the amplitude of the daily,
annual and secular variations, particularly when the
planets Venus, Earth, Jupiter are arranged on an
essentially straight line radially to the sun; likewise,
this impact corresponds with the alteration of the mean
declination at the times of the upper and lower
culmination. Also, the geomagnetic differential motor
shows this impact in a very illustrative manner. When
looking at the vortex regularity of the earth's moon in
its dependence upon the solar and the earth vortex, we
obtain quite surprising results. We have mentioned above
that the moon - like the planets - is also seized by the
gigavortex of the sun and thus has a solar vortex in
addition to its intrinsic lunar vortex both having the
same flow direction. As the moon is also located in the
zone of the earth vortex, a portion of the ascending earth
vortex flows towards the cold poles of the moon and
becomes a descending helical pole flow here. According to
the vortex rule, this flow is directed opposite to the
lunar flow, so that we find two opposite vortex flows on
the moon which regulate its orbiting around the sun as
well as its rotation around its own axis. The flow of the
lunar electric vortex plus the solar vortex flowing in the
same direction are dominant over the opposite vortex
caused by the earth's field so that the moon rotates
around its own axis in the sense of the earth and the
other planets. In accordance with the opposite vortex
generated on the moon, the earth exerts an inhibiting
influence onto the moon's rotation. It would rotate around
its axis much faster if it were not located within the
megavortex zone of the earth. Due to the presence of the
moon, the vortex field of the earth is parted into two
stronger ascending vortex flows being offset by 180°.
There is a larger accumulation intensity between the moon
and the earth because on this side of the earth a stronger
runoff of the earth's megavortex takes place due to the
stronger gradient towards the cold poles of the moon. This
stronger runoff causes a weakening of the megavortex on
both sides of the earth while on the rear side of the
earth, naturally, the normal runoff of the megavortex
takes place. We have found that
the ascending megavortex is the cause of the
rotation of the earth around its own axis just because
earthly "stronghold" is, so to speak, pushed
back. We have to recognize the validity of this rule on
the earth and extend its applicability to the liquid
physical state, too. The True Cause of High Tide and Low
Tide
When we look at high tide and low
tide from this point of view it becomes clear to us why
during the high tide the peak level of the water does not
coincide exactly with the peak position of the moon,
because the ascending flows between the tropics do not
leave the earth radially on the shortest path from the
earth to the moon, but from locations which have long
surpassed the connecting line between the earth and the
moon under one and the same meridian. Now we can also
understand why a second high tide occurs on the rear side
of the earth if we include into our considerations the
second runoff of the megavortex of the earth being offset
from the first one by 180°. The Law of the True Lunar Orbit
55
So, with regard to the moon we have
to record in essence two opposite flows, the intrinsic
lunar electricity flow plus the vortex flow coming
directly from the sun and the vortex flow coming from the
earth. Fig. 55 illustrates how these two vortex flows
reciprocally influence on the moon's movement. In this
figure, the earth is shown on its orbit around the sun in
four subsequent equal time intervals during one orbit of
the moon. The dotted line designates the earth's orbit and
the dashed-dotted line the true lunar orbit. The
illustrations I, III and IV show the quadrature positions
of the moon: first, last, and again first quarter, while
II and IV show the sycygial positions of full moon and new
moon or opposition and conjunction. The sun flow acting
directly onto the moon causes its movement around the sun
while the flow emanating from the earth and thus being
opposite causes its circular orbit around the earth. Due
to the fact that the earth moves forward at the same time
the circular movement of the moon in connection with the
solar flow becomes an epicycloidal movement.. For reasons of clarity, the vortex
flow emanating from the earth is shown separately in Fig.
56. Each of these two flows has its own accumulation
components and consequently its own resulting force a and
b, respectively. The force c resulting from these two
force components a and b leads due to their interaction to
the epicycloidal movement. When we use the illustrations
to follow the epicycloidal movement of the moon, we
realize in the quadrature position of the first quarter
that the resulting moving force c drives the moon to the
night side of the earth and that the angle between the
components a and b becomes more acute during the forward
movement of the earth until it reaches zero at full moon.
This continuous angular alteration is accompanied by a
continuous alteration of the direction of the moving force
c the course of which brings about the epicycloidal orbit
of the moon. Due to the addition of the two components a
and b, the diminishing component angle results in an
acceleration of the moon compared with the earth within
the ecliptic. Thus, the moon hurries on ahead of the earth
on its night side from the first to the last quarter
during its movement around the sun. When the moon exceeds
its oppositional position, an acute angle opens between
the two components a and b, this time towards the opposite
side. On this side, no addition of the components but,
according to the opening angle, a subtraction of the
components takes place. Thus, we have a moon delay on the
epicycloid orbit during subtraction. While in our example
the resulting moving force c has driven the moon away from
the earth from its first quarter to full moon on the night
side of the earth, the moving force c which is now
directed to the inside drives the moon from full moon to
its last quarter again towards the day side of the earth.
When the moon has reached its last quarter, its orbiting
speed around the sun equals that of the earth again. But
as the moon crosses the earth's orbit towards the inside,
the sharp angle of the two components a and b opens more
and more to a right or an obtuse and finally to a straight
angle so that the components are opposite to each other at
new moon and the moon delay reaches its maximum. So the
earth has hurried on ahead
of the moon during the period between its last
quarter and new moon and up to its first quarter remains
faster than the moon in its orbit around the sun.
Following new moon, the components a and b return to form
an obtuse, right and sharp angle, the resulting moving
force c of which now steers the moon towards the night
side of the earth. Exceeding the stretched angle is also
combined with a decrease of the components b directed in
the opposite sense, so that the delay of the moon from the
new moon to the first quarter phase comes to a standstill
again. At its first quarter, the moon has once again
reached the same speed as the earth and becomes
accelerated again. With a view to this continuous
alteration of the resulting moving force on the one hand
and the secular disturbances of the planetary system and
the flow variations of the actual solar electricity
emerging from the sun on the other, it is not surprising
that the determination of the apparent circular or
elliptical orbit of the moon around the earth is one of
the most difficult and still unsolved mathematical
problems. If one subjects the aforementioned facts about
the driving forces of the sun, earth and moon in the
context with the tide phenomena being connected with the
position of the moon to a further review, the regularity
of the actual electricity vortex flow as a universally
effective law of the world gains further remarkable
support. If one looks at the strong tide waves during full
and new moon, one will find out that at these two lunar
positions the conditions for a stronger flooding away of
the vortex arm leading to the moon are more appropriate
than in any other constellation. So, if one or the other
of these two positions coincides with the winter solstice,
the flooding-away towards the moon due to the larger
vortex intensity in the vicinity of the sun increases
considerably which can be clearly observed with respect to
the spring tides then occurring. We have found that the intrinsic
vortex of the planets and moons and the respective
additional solar electricity vortex emerging from the sun
have the same direction and that their accumulating effect
drives the planets and moons around the sun, and that
furthermore the flow sense of the flow flooding from the
planets towards the moons has the opposite direction and
that its accumulating effect
drives the moons around the planets. According to
the vortex law, the planets are mutually repellent and are
pressed towards the sun by the gigavortex in a tangential
rather than a radial direction. Just as the planets are
directly influenced by the solar gigavortex, the moons are
influenced by their respective planets and are simply
pressed tangentially towards them by their megavortices.
If the moons were situated outside the range of
effectiveness of the planetary vortices, the moons, too,
would be repelled by the planets. For this reason, it is
unimaginable that the moons are caught planetoids; in
fact, the vortex theory suggests that the moons are
potential electricity volumes erupted during the
generation of the planets so that they can never go beyond
the vortex range of the latter. Now and forever, their
fate will remain bound to that of their planets. The opposite flow on the moon which
is the cause for the moon not turning around its axis in
the same sense as the planets must have the result that
the phenomenon which we call magnetism is not present on
the moon because opposite flows cancel each other out in
their magnetic effect just as in case of a bifilar coil. The Peculiarity of Uranus
In
the solar system, Uranus presents the peculiarity that its
north-south axis is offset from the normal position of the
other planets by approximately 90°. In a distant past,
the intrinsic vortex flow of Uranus must have been
commutated by a violent intervention, probably of a comet
with its considerably larger energy flow, above the
planetary orbit from west to east during overtaking. This
commutation happened either at the perihelion or aphelion
of Uranus, because both poles, i.e. the south pole at
aphelion and the north pole at perihelion, are directed
towards the sun. Thus, in one of these positions, the
north pole must have swung to the left, because in this
new, altered position the turning direction of Uranus
around its own axis as well as its moons orbit around this
altered position of the polar axis of Uranus in the same
direction. We have mentioned earlier that planets have
their own intrinsic actual flow vortex which is triggered
at the contact zone between the potential core electricity
and the zone of dynamic equilibrium. This actual intrinsic
vortex of each planet by repulsion causes their rotation
around their own axes and further causes their
gravitation. The greater the distance of a planet from the
sun, the larger its heat gradient from the zone of dynamic
equilibrium towards outer space. Therefore, the planets
rotate faster around their own axes in proportion with
their distance from the sun. The cause of the planets'
orbiting around the sun is the solar gigavortex. We call
the effect of the same the solar gravity. This solar
gigavortex generates by means of its descending helical
flows the so-called magnetic poles of the planets,
planetoids and moons as well as by its ascending vortex
flows the accumulating effects occurring on the night side
which drive these celestial bodies in a west-east
direction around the central star. These magnetic vortex
flows differ from the intrinsic vortices of the planets
only in their density and voltage in accordance with their
great distance from the sun. So, the intrinsic vortex of Uranus
which is offset by 90° did not change in any way Uranus'
orbiting around the sun, because now as before the north
pole of the megavortex of Uranus resulting from the solar
gigavortex is perpendicular to the orbital plane and thus
on top as with all other planets. Thus, we find in Uranus
the unique phenomenon in our solar system that its
magnetic north and south poles wander around its equator
in the course of one turn around its axis. In a similar but much less
considerable way, this applies also to our earth. Here,
too, a violent external intervention, probably also by a
comet, must once have caused a swing of its axis by 23 1/2
degrees while the magnetic north-south pole axis remained
perpendicular on the orbital plane. More accurate
measurements will be required to confirm this. The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of
Some Moons
As we have been able to
demonstrate, the orbiting direction of the planets around
the sun depends upon the tangential angle of the solar
gigavortex. Likewise, the orbiting direction of the moons
around their planets depends upon the tangential angle of
the planet's megavortex and the minivortices of the moons.
As we can observe with respect to spiral nebulae, the
tangential angle of the ascending helices is not always
the same. In some spiral nebulae, for instance, the ascent
of the helical arms is very steep near the core of the
nebula and at its outer periphery while it nearly
coincides with a virtual circular arc around the core at
the center of the arms. If we assume that such an uneven
ascension of the helical flow also exists within the
planets' megavortices, we have an explanation why Saturn's
outer moon Phoebe as well as Jupiter's outer moons VIII
and IX orbit in the reverse direction. We might explain
the reverse orbit of Neptune's moon in the same way. A
disastrous collision of the planets, planetoids and moons
within the solar system cannot happen as long as the flow
gradient of the solar gigavortex and the intrinsic
vortices is big enough to maintain appropriate distances
between the orbits of the celestial bodies.. Thanks to the vortex law, it would
not be difficult to describe the probable future
development of our solar system in general and in many
details. However, this knowledge would only be an
unnecessary burden upon us and might get in the way of our
present duties and tasks. Each era has its appropriate
knowledge, and it is therefore unnecessary and useless and
maybe even harmful to anticipate the distant future. For
this reason, we only want to make ourselves familiar with
the most fundamental vortex laws and draw from them some
conclusions for scientific research of the present. The
deeper we enter into the phenomena of our celestial
bodies, the more evident become our ideas about the
driving and supporting forces of our solar system as
described in this paper. There is a special story behind
findings: True facts per se cannot always be proven, but
if many similar phenomena support each other, they can be
recognized in their entirety and their inner context as
true and established. The Comets and the Formation of
their Tails
When we take a closer look on the
comets we find that they too confirm the full scope of the
vortex laws. Judging from their behavior, these celestial
bodies, too, are volumina the potential core electricity
of which is at the absolute cosmic zero point and the
mantle of which forms the zone of dynamic equilibrium
between the accumulating forces being effective from the
outside to the inside and vice versa. Within the solar
system, they are subject to the solar gigavortex and thus
have the same vortex direction as the planets; therefore
it often happens that they are thrown out of their orbits
and pushed into another orbit in the vicinity of large
planets by the vortex fields of the latter because the
flow direction of the planets' and comets' vortices are
opposite to each other. The comets heading for the sun on
parabolic or elliptical orbits change their visible outer
structure when they cross the Jupiter orbit. Their rigid
shape disappears with the increase of the voltage of the
gigavortex, i.e. when they approach the sun. Near the Mars
orbit, the voltage of the comet's vortex field which
consists of its intrinsic vortex increases so much as to
become perceivable in the gravity and the accumulated heat
of the comet. It can be seen that the more or less
circular nebulous atmosphere of the comet shrinks more and
more. Due to the voltage increase of the comet's actual
electricity, the accumulating force of the individual
comet energy balls which has a gravitational effect also
increases. The decrease of the distance between the comet
energy balls causes a development of heat which is
enhanced by the fact that due to the comet approaching the
sun, the intensity of the heat-generating intrinsic vortex
of the comet increases, too, until it becomes similar to
the luminous intensity of a fixed star. Many comets remain
in this state and can only be observed through
high-quality telescopes; therefore they are referred to as
telescopic comets. The voltage increase of the solar
electricity vortex is also connected with an increase of
the accumulating components being effective on the night
side of the comet, i.e. the side facing away from the sun,
the resulting force of which components causing an
increase or acceleration of the orbital speed. When
crossing the earth or Venus orbit, the intensifying
unilateral solar radiation is added the intensity increase
of which often has disastrous consequences indeed. We know
from our earlier considerations that in case of a
disturbance of the zone of dynamic equilibrium due to
unilateral heating-up the potential core electricity can
escape from the inside like an explosion and that even the
entire zone of equilibrium may explode so that the
potential core electricity which is suddenly released may
subdivide into smaller core volumes also having spherical
zones of equilibrium (nebulae). In 1845, Biela's comet
split up in two, and the 1882 comet near the sun in a
number of fragments. If the zone of equilibrium withstands
the core eruptions on the side facing the sun, at least a
fountain-like outflow of the potential core electricity
can be observed. As the beam is directed towards the sun
while the comet movement direction is not directed
immediately towards the sun but makes a curve around it,
the reactive force of the outflowing core electricity
causes a torque, i.e. the comet performs a half turn
around its axis, so that the outflowing core electricity
now flows away from the sun while in addition supporting
like a rocket the resulting force of the accumulating
vortex components which anyway imparts a driving effect on
this side facing away from the sun. The swing of the
actual core electricity beam should now again be followed
by an acceleration to increase the orbiting speed. The
phenomenon which we call the comet's tail is nothing but
the outflowing core electricity which condenses in an
infinite number of energy balls and starts to light up
within the vortex accumulation components of the comet
similar to the zodiacal light. As the emerging energy
balls of the substances are subject to nearly the same
conditions of flowing out, they must have nearly equal
core or hollow space temperatures, i.e. they must have
nearly the same weight. Spectroscopic tests have also
shown that the tail comprises carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
But as the conditions for the formation of substances at
perihelion differ from those at aphelion, the substances
in the comet tail must change during their formation
depending upon the distance from the sun. This is the case
indeed. The approach towards the sun is accompanied by a
wonderful change of the luminant colors of the comet. From
one day to the other, it often changes its initially
greenish-blue color suddenly to golden yellow. When the comet turns away from the
sun again, the voltage situation and thus the phenomena
revert. In view of the relatively small core volume of the
comets they do not have a very long lifetime due to the
large flow loss, especially in the vicinity of the sun. As
the comets have only little mass, their intrinsic vortices
ascend very steeply. The Comet Orbits and the Reverse
Orbits of Some Comets
This steep ascent of the intrinsic
vortices, combined with the rear-side accumulation
component of the solar gigavortex, causes the lengthy
orbit. If the intrinsic vortex is extremely steep, the
resulting force of the accumulation components is directed
reversely, i.e. the comet moves reversely rather than in
the same direction as the planets around the sun. Due to
this high steepness of the vortices, all the comets moving
in reverse direction have very slim, lengthy elliptical
orbits. Until now, we have only dealt with the vortex
regularity of our solar system. There is no reason to
assume that this regularity applies to our solar system
only; on the contrary, it is most probable that it applies
to all other stellar systems outside our solar system as
well. The Spiral Nebulae
Indeed, more than two thousand
million spiral structures have been found in outer space
by giant telescopes. As far as the observation results
about the spiral nebulae have been published, they
correspond in every detail with the vortex law described
above - in particular with regard to the moving direction
of the helical arms, the core and the formation of new
stars. So we have to assume that all spiral nebulae
including our milky way system to which our solar system
belongs are subject to a universal vortex in which all
spiral nebula systems repel each other without being able
to go beyond the periphery of the universal vortex because
they would be prevented from doing so by the accumulating
effects acting from the outside to the inside. Likewise,
the planets of our solar system cannot leave this system
due to the accumulating effects acting from the outside to
the inside. The basis of the flow principle of the actual
solar electricity of our solar system - and all other
solar systems in general - is the movement form of
Lemniskata. It starts ascending towards the left from the
sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude and in a
clockwise sense heads for the poles of the planets
descending towards the right. Now, the actual solar
electricity flows from the planets' equators to high
degrees of latitude ascending to the right and heads
counterclockwise and descending to the left to both poles
of the moons. Now the actual solar electricity flows away
from the moons' equators ascending to the left up to high
degrees of latitude. Thus the vortex flows of the planets
and the moons harmonically arrange themselves in the flow
direction of the solar gigavortex. The Milky Way System
Viewed from the outside, the entire
ocean of stars within the milky way would be embedded in a
universal vortex. But as our solar system is located
approximately in the plane of the milky way system near
its center we have to logically assume - without being
immodest - that our solar system forms the center of the
milky way creation. It is by no means acceptable and
logically unjustifiable that our solar system or our Earth
or even Man with his spirit should mean nothing compared
with the infinite universe. Such a conclusion could only
be drawn on the basis of a unilateral quantitative point
of view while neglecting the qualitative aspects of the
world. To assume that man was nothing in relation to the
universe and that he played no or at most an accidental
role, indeed means a negation of our life, a self-denial
and a giving-up of our own, higher and creative ego. The
creation of the world is based on ideas and ethical laws
of the highest order, and man in his entire disposition is
destined to think about these ideas and to follow this
ethics in his life; consequently, man is an essential
member of the universe. Therefore, let us reject the
life-negating, unprogressive and crushing phrase of
DuBois-Reymond "ignorabimus" - "we shall
never know" - and replace it by the life-affirmative,
optimistic and progressive words "We shall know - but
not before it's time!" Proposal about the Construction of
a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity Aerodyne
Our previous findings positively
suggest the question whether it were possible in
accordance with the laws of the flow of the actual solar
electricity described herein to construct a noiseless
aerodyne which by virtue of the gravity forces could be
steered as you like upwards, downwards or towards the
sides. We have learnt that the force which we call
magnetism is the gravity field of the sun. We would not be
able to raise ourselves from the earth using this force as
the earth's gravity would prevent us from doing so. We
have mentioned earlier that the so-called magnetism
according to the distance between the earth and the sun is
the compressed gravity field of the sun, i.e. actual solar
electricity having a higher density and a lower voltage
while the gravity field of the earth is characterized by
actual earth electricity having a low density and a high
voltage. We have found in Part One that equal but opposite
flow intensities cause an accumulating effect directed
from the compressed to the decompressed or suction side
while unequal flow intensities cause a differential
effect. The same applies to the flow relations between the
planets and the sun. The gravity field of the earth with
its intrinsic megavortex flow and high voltage and low
density causes the gravity field of the earth, while the
gravity field of the sun and its gigavortex flow with the
larger distance of the planets, increasing density and
decreasing voltage characterizes the gravity field of the
sun. It is now easily conceivable that the gravity of the
earth can only be compensated by an equal but opposite
flow of the same voltage and density while, due to their
different voltage and density, nothing can be done with
regard to the magnetic forces in relation to the gravity
of the earth. We have understood that the actual solar
electricity always heads for the colder poles and that it
has its greatest density and lowest voltage at the pole of
deepest coldness. Further, we have found that the pole of
deepest coldness lawfully is of a spherical shape because
the actual solar electricity naturally heads for the pole
of deepest coldness from all directions and on the other
hand the pole of deepest coldness gets in contact with a
higher temperature at its outer periphery and therefore
tries to expand towards all sides. We have called the pole
of deepest coldness potential electricity and the moving
electricity, i.e. the expanding or shrinking electricity
actual electricity. One might designate the potential
electricity as force and the actual electricity as
counterforce as well. We have called the zone in which
these two forces are confronted with each other, in which
they, so to say, are more or less equal, the zone of
dynamic equilibrium or the heat zone. So, in this zone of
equilibrium the forces confronting each other are equal
and therefore form the exact shape of a sphere. When we
will once be able to generate temperatures far below minus
273 degrees centigrade, we would also be able to store
potential electricity within an exact hollow sphere made
of insulating material. Finally, such storage would be
nothing but a small artificial satellite which - like the
planets and the moons - would be continually permeated by
the actual east-west solar electricity flow in descending
polar spirals which would be forced to evade again in
ascending spirals due to the heat zone at its equator. The
intensity of the vortex would depend upon the temperature
and the volume of the potential core electricity of the
sphere. As this would be a mini-satellite in which the
concentration of the vortex intensity would be much higher
than the vortex intensity of earthly substances, the
satellite - just like the earth - would be directly
permeated by the east-west actual solar electricity, i.e.
the electricity emerging directly from the sun, via the
satellite poles and would have the same vortex direction
as the earth and the planets. The intrinsic vortex flow of
the mini-satellite ascending from the zone of dynamic
equilibrium or heat zone would be at its highest voltage
and lowest density exactly like the east-west ascending
intrinsic vortex flow of the earth. For this reason, no
attraction by the earth but a repulsion between the earth
and the satellite would occur. The mini-satellite would have to be
charged in an evacuated, vortex-free chamber at a
temperature ranging far below minus 273 degrees
centigrade. A coil with a conductor cross section being as
large as possible the power supply of which had to be
implemented outside the refrigerating chamber would have
to be arranged around the mini-satellite. The polar axis
of the coil would have to be assembled in north-south
direction using a water level wherein the satellite axis
would have to coincide with the coil axis. The current
direction in the coil would have to clockwise when looking
southward. At a probable temperature of minus 10,000
degrees centigrade or lower, the accumulation of the field
flowing inside the sphere along the inner turns of the
coil should compress in the center of the sphere to
initiate the formation of a dynamic spherical accumulation
zone. Experience must teach how long the outer circuit
must be active until a sufficiently large accumulation of
potential electricity is obtained in the core of the
sphere or mini-satellite. At any rate, the vortex
intensity of the satellite must be greater than the vortex
intensity at the surface of the earth in order to impart
an upward acceleration onto the satellite. Thus, the
vortex intensity of the mini-satellite will depend firstly
upon the core temperature of the potential electricity and
secondly upon the volume of the latter. The deeper we can
decrease the satellite core temperature and the larger the
core volume is, the larger the vortex intensity and the
ascending force of the satellite will be. To ensure the
steerability of the anti-gravity aerodyne, at least three
mini-satellites are required which must be arranged on a
larger circle at a distance of 120 degrees. One satellite
would have to be fixedly mounted while the two others
would have to be movable on the circle. By shifting these
two satellites with respect to the fixed one, it would be
possible to steer the direction of the aerodyne. The
construction of an anti-gravity aerodyne would not pose
any mechanical difficulties. A round, flat dome should be
arranged above the satellite triangle to accommodate the
crew. Viewed from outside, the aerodyne would have the
shape of a giant, flat bell. The distances between the
individual satellites would have to be wide enough to
ensure the equilibrium of the system. Once the artificial
mini-satellites have been implemented, the construction of
this anti-gravity aerodyne would be no problem. Another
advantage of the flat, round globe shape would be that it
were fluidically well adapted to the flight within the
atmosphere in an oblique upward, downward and sideward
direction. We have sufficiently disproved the possible
objection that the potential core energy would be unable
to remain at the deepest pole of coldness in surroundings
with higher temperature by pointing to the fact that any
tiny substance particle and any celestial body are subject
to the same phenomenon. Epilogue
We have learned to know the various manifestations of magnetism, electricity, substance formation, gravity, light, and celestial bodies, finding out that all these manifestations originate from one primeval force the potential energy of which ranges between the lowest limit of coldness and the highest limit of heat. This primeval force is the world's constant; it does not lose or gain anything but remains equal in its final product: density multiplied by voltage. In its static, potential condition, it is homogeneous while being inhomogeneous in its mobile (active) condition. The law of vortex formation as the basis for the law of celestial mechanics is the necessary consequence of the law of inhomogeneity. Each law results from another, and each one supports and complements the others. The entirety of laws result in the static and dynamic balance in the universe. ElucidationBecause electricity in its 1st
aggregate is to be understood as the (bipolar) energy per
se, in its (as it were) "last" aggregate it
represents the (equally bipolar) conductive substrate, of
space per se.
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