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Isaac
Newton wrote:
"That
gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to
matter, so that one body can act upon another at a
distance through a vacuum without the mediation of
anything else, by and through which their action and force
may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great
an absurdity that I believe no man, who has in
philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking, can
ever fall into it." EVU Isaac
Newton knew nothing about electricity, & as an
intellectually honest scientist he could not but state the
consequences of his research into gravity. Following these
consequences The
Electric Vortex Universe now replaces the "Dead
Gravity Universe" which less judicious ever since
have hotchpotched from the "laws of gravitation"
in their delusion that the gravitational formulae were the
same as the gravitational force. The EVU by simple
observations, experiments & by returning to logic
arguments explains the natural events experienced by
mankind in historical times, as well as the preceding
& ongoing natural mechanisms prevailing in &
governing the evolution of the universe quantavolutionery
processes – from electric energy in its primary
aggregate form up to the creation of substances &
their uniformly driven movements throughout the universe. The
EVU rests on the Grundlegend Neue Erkenntnisse in Physik,
Chemie & Himmelsmechanik, ie New Elementary
Perceptions in Physics, Chemistry and Celestial Mechanics,
as known since 1962. The full German text is
published in www.paf.li/erkenntnisse.htm,
English in www.paf.li/perceptions.htm.
The replication of experiments is, of course, left to
anyone's option (though paf@paf.li
would like to hear about results which will easily prove
the fundamental irrationality & ludicrousness of all
current & fundamental theories in physics, astronomy,
& history. New Elementary Perceptions in Physics, Chemistry and
Celestial Mechanics (1962) The Formation of the South and the North Pole The Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped Around an Electric Conductor The Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor The Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current The Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles The Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law The Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing Length of the Lines of Force The Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet The Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar Magnet The Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field The Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet Proof of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects The Function of the Transformer The Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine The Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth The Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote Reception The Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth The Disturbances of the Gigavortex Recording, Geomagnetic Differential Motor Parts of Characteristic Diagrams The Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth The Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity The Nature of Heat and Coldness The Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of Thermal conduction The Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to Temperature Increase The Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence The Nature of Thermoelectricity The Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the Year The Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General Weather Situation The Formation of Clouds and Hail The Cause of the Absolute Zero Point 1. Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion 3. Potential and actual geoelectricity 7. Potential and actual lunar electricity 10. Positive and negative electricity 11. Potential and actual solar electricity The Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation The Cause of the Periodic System of Elements The Cause of the Atomic Weight and the Acceleration of the Fall The Nature and Spreading of Light The Nature and Spreading of Light The Primeval Phenomenon of the Light Beam The Generation of the Spectrum in a Prism The Formation of Normal Spectra Goethe's and Newton's Conception of Light A New Proposal for Measuring the Speed of Light Depending upon the Earth's Rotation The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies The Cause of Movement of Celestial Bodies The Formation of Our Solar System The Megavortices of the Planets The Polar Position of the Planets and Moons Relative to the Sun The Cause of Planets and Moons Orbiting Around the Sun The Formation of the Elliptical Planetary Orbits The Cause of the Zodiacal Light and the Polar Light The Cause of the Rotation of the Sun, the Planets and the Moons around their own Axes The True Cause of High Tide and Low Tide The Law of the True Lunar Orbit The Cause of the Reverse Orbits of Some Moons The Comets and the Formation of their Tails The Comet Orbits and the Reverse Orbits of Some Comets Proposal about the Construction of a Flow-bound Mini-satellite as an Anti-gravity Aerodyne
English-German
Glossary
Part
One
The Function of Induction
The Function of Induction
1
Our
present imagination of
the lines of force of magnetic and electric fields
is based mainly on the iron chip images of permanent and
temporary magnets and live conductors. The characteristic
iron chip images generated by scattering iron chips on a
sheet of paper above a magnet or an electric conductor are
schematically illustrated in Figs. 1 through 4. As these
so-called lines of force are unique in the entire scope of
physics without any similar phenomena, they still have a
particular position without a scientific foundation. Thus,
as it is impossible to compare these line of force shapes
with any other physical phenomena, nobody knows until now
what to do with them. However, the explanation of the
entire complex of magneto-electric phenomena depends upon
the correct explanation of these shapes. Indeed, whoever
is able to correctly explain these line of force shapes
holds the key to all kinds of phenomena and motion in
physics, chemistry, and celestial mechanics in his hand.
When dealing with the basic and initial problem of
electricity research, our imagination about these line of
force systems immediately led us into a dead-end street
from which we have been unable to find a way out up to
now. What would we have thought about the cause of
magnetism and its phenomena if we had not had these very
illustrative iron chip images before us! Certainly we
would not have easily developed the ideas of line of force
arrangements in magnetic and electric fields if our
attention had not been positively directed to these ideas.
Without the characteristics of the iron chip images, we
might perhaps have developed hypotheses more closely to
the real situation in parallel to known physical
phenomena. Now
an attempt is made to illustrate the formation of the
characteristic iron chip images. When
one looks to the generation of the iron chip images as the
result of a flow law in analogy to aero- and
hydrodynamics, fully concrete ideas about vortices and
their flow and accumulation effects are gained instead of
the abstract particular position of the line of force
shapes. Everywhere in nature we find inhomogeneous flow
fields, i.e. wherever, for example, air or water flows
occur we do not find uniform homogeneous but non-uniform
inhomogeneous flow velocities. These non-uniform flow
velocities which may result from friction or other forms
of resistance always cause the formation of vortices which
can be easily observed in wind and water flows. One can
say that wherever inhomogeneous flow fields occur a basis
for the formation of vortices is present. Now what is the
story behind those vortices? Many years ago, the entire
civilized world regarded Flettner's rotor ship as a
tremendous sensation. It is a ship equipped with rotating
cylinders instead of sails. If a cylinder is allowed to
rotate in a flow, a vortex field is generated within this
flow because due to the friction on the cylinder, the
medium surrounding it is entrained in the same rotating
direction. Fig. 5 illustrates the principle of Flettner's
rotor. The air flow is represented by simple arrows.
Within this flow a cylinder rotates in the direction
marked by a circular arrow. The air engaging the cylinder
is entrained by it in the same rotating direction due to
the effect of friction. Now the following effect occurs: On
the left side, the cylinder moves in the same direction as
the air flow, but on the opposite right side the air flow
moves opposite to the rotating direction of the cylinder.
As the velocities increase on the left side while
decreasing of the opposite right side due to the
counterflow occurring here, a suction effect builds up on
the left side and a pressure or compression on the right
side. This phenomenon is known in physics as Magnus's
effect. The cylinder tends to move from the pressure to
the suction side. To be exact, this means the generation
of an inhomogeneous field because the velocities are
higher on the suction side than on the pressure side. 5
Fig.
6 shows a natural inhomogeneous field caused by a water
jet, let's say from a fire engine. The air surrounding the
water jet is entrained by the water jet in its moving
direction wherein the velocity is higher in the direct
vicinity of the jet and decreasing in proportion to the
distance from the water jet. One can say that the velocity
of the entrained air decreases as the distance from the
water jet increases. So we are facing a positively
inhomogeneous flow field of the air. Now if we place an
object such as a cylinder or a ball within this
inhomogeneous flow field, Magnus's effect occurs exactly
as with Flettner's rotor. Namely, a vortex is formed
which, due to the inhomogeneous field, has its higher flow
velocity on the left side of the ball facing the water jet
and the lower flow velocity on the right side of the ball.
As a consequence, there is a buildup of suction and
pressure the effect of which moves the cylinder or ball
obliquely to the flow, i.e. opposite to the water jet.
Thus, Magnus's effect acts in both examples. In order to
impart to the cylinder or ball a movement transversely to
the flow direction, it does not matter whether such object
is rotated in a homogeneous field or whether it is not
rotated in an inhomogeneous flow field. Now
let us look at an electric conductor according to Fig. 7
from the point of view of an inhomogeneous flow field
assuming that what we perceive in its effect as an
electromagnetic field around an electric conductor was
nothing but a weak outer parallel continuation of the
inner current flow. So when we place an iron particle into
this flow field we find the same rectangular motion
phenomena as in the water and air flow examples described
above. The author asks to firstly accept what is
called "flow" herein as a hypothetical
"flowing thing" until at an appropriate point
the necessary preconditions for a more detailed
explanation are provided. One might object that there were
no way to talk about a current flow outside the electric
conductor as even the most accurate instruments were
unable to detect such flow. However, the impossibility of
measuring such a flow becomes understandable when one
figures the field to be filled with vortex cores which
during an even current flow remain in a static condition.
A further explanation will be attempted below. When
we place a number of ferromagnetic bodies (iron particles)
side by side on a plane extending at a right angle to the
electric conductor according to Fig. 8, a south and a
north pole are formed. The
Formation of the South and the North Pole
Each
of the individual bodies shown in the drawing as
ferromagnetic cylinders is surrounded by a vortex in the
same rotating direction, i.e. clockwise with regard to the
cylinders on the right side of the electric conductor and
counterclockwise with regard to the cylinders on the left
side, as shown in Fig. 8. Let us take hereinafter this
counter-rotation as the polarity which is designated by a
white half cylinder as the south pole and a black half
cylinder as the north pole in all respective illustrations
and projections. The author denotes the pole facing the
earth's north pole as south pole as it is also usual in a
number of other countries. This choice was not arbitrary
but based on the considerations about the pole regularity
of our solar system in the last part of this paper.
Figures shown later in this document also show magnetic
needles or balls instead of the cylinders. when we think
of swiveling our viewing direction by 360° around the
electric conductor we find that of course all cylinders
grouped around the electric conductor have the same sense
of rotation. The
Law of Repulsion
As
illustrated in Fig. 8, we find opposite flows between the
individual bodies caused by the same sense of rotation of
the vortices, and thus an accumulating effect similar to
Magnus's effect which mutually repels the bodies from one
another in accordance with their intrinsic flow intensity.
As the parallel flow decreases as the distance from the
electric conductor increases, the vortex intensity of the
ferromagnetic bodies decreases as well. Therefore, the
mutual spaces between the bodies must decrease outwards at
the same proportion up to a particular space defined by
the intensity of the earth's field, of course neglecting
the friction resistance between the bodies and the
substrate. The
Formation of the Annular System of the Iron Chips Grouped
Around an Electric Conductor
9
Fig.
9 shows an axial view of the body plane A-B in Fig. 8. In
this figure, we immediately perceive the known annular
system of the iron chips grouped around an electric
conductor. This annular system is the natural consequence
of the like sense of the vortex flows and the resulting
mutual repulsion of the polar bodies radially arranged
side by side. The annular system is inevitably formed and
can be most easily explained in analogy with the vortex
flow laws pertaining to water and air. Thus, this annular
system has absolutely nothing to do with the very popular
experimental evidence of a single pole circular movement
around an electric conductor. The
Law of Induction of an Electric Conductor
10
Now,
if we imagine, as shown in Fig. 10, a number of such
annular systems being arranged alongside the electric
conductor, the distances between the individual annular
planes would again be the result of the repulsion or the
intensity of the vortices rotating in the same sense. In
this case, however, one would not perceive anything of a
parallel flow alongside the electric conductor but only a
vast number of individual vortices. But as these
individual vortices would be at fixed positions under
conditions of a constant current flow, we would perceive
the entire vortex field as a static field in spite of the
internal current flow. Let us firstly assume for a better
understanding of the following that the entire vortex
system according to Fig. 10 consisted of firmly anchored
resistances within a water or air flow caused by mutual
repulsion, the main flow of which would occur in the
center, i.e. instead of the electric conductor. If we
moved a channel provided outside the vortex field parallel
to the main flow against, i.e. obliquely to, the main flow
(feathered arrow 1) with
its open side at a right angle, we would generate in the
channel a flow opposite to the main flow in accordance
with the affected vortex side. If we exceeded the center
of the main flow with this channel continuing in the same
moving direction or if we swiveled the channel by 180°
and brought the open part back to the initial position, we
would have in both cases, due to the internal affection of
the vortex sides, a reversion of the flow inside the
channel, i.e. we would have the same flow direction as the
main flow. If we tried to swivel the channel by 90° and
to move it towards the main flow direction (feathered
arrow 2), we could not realize any flow inside the channel
because the opposite flows of the right and left vortices
would cancel each other inside the channel. Although these
flow laws apply to water and air, they correspond in all
their movements in principle with induction. Let us return
to our hypothesis about the energy field flowing in
parallel to the electric conductor and let us think of the
visible ferromagnetic bodies as unperceivable material
nanoparticles, so we again face a vortex field regularly
grouped around the electric conductor the effect of which
is an electromagnetic, static field. If we replaced the
channel by a wire and connected its ends to a
galvanometer, we can observe in the latter that, if moved
in the same directions as with the channel, the induced
current has the same directions. One might thus assume
that the vortices of the nanoparticles having a charge of
a certain intensity depending upon their distance from the
electric conductor deliver their charges in the direction
present at the affected vortex side. The opposite vortex
side is not affected because the particles have to stop at
the surface of the electric conductor, i.e. are unable to
pass through it. 11
Starting
from the idea that initially no current flows through the
electric conductor, we have to assume that substances are
grouped around the conductor which normally are subject to
the horizontal intensity of the earth's field and are
spaced apart accordingly. If we sent a galvanic current
through the electric conductor according to Fig. 11,
according to our hypothesis the nanoparticles grouped
around the electric conductor are charged according to the
current intensity and their distance from the electric
conductor so that they repel one another as strong as
their vortex intensity allows. According to our
hypothesis, we would have generated a potential of the
magnetic field, so-to-speak a positive magnetic pressure
which would be largest at the electric conductor and which
would outwardly decrease to zero. Thus, the nanoparticles
subject to the earth's horizontal intensity would exercise
from the outside a concentric pressure onto the vortex
field of the electric conductor which on the other hand
provides a counter-pressure of the same strength. Both
vortex fields would be in a state of mutual equilibrium.
(This mutual dependence easily allows measuring an unknown
field using a known field.) During repulsion, the
nanoparticles wander rectangularly outward according to
Fig. 11 and deliver their charge - as it represents a
positive magnetic pressure - towards the affected vortex
side to the adjacent induction conductor with the
direction, as in our channel example, being opposite to
the main flow. Extra
Current
As
the nanoparticles located in the interstices between the
molecules of the electric conductor also wander
rectangularly from the periphery of the conductor towards
its central axis when the electric circuit is closed, they
deliver their charges to the electric current itself with
their direction being opposite to the current direction in
the conductor (extra current). If the circuit is opened,
the nanoparticles wander back to their original positions
in accordance with the intensity of the earth's field and
this time affect the induction conductor with the inner
vortex side so that the induced closing current has the
same direction as the main current. In case of alternating
current, the vortex directions alter in correspondence
with the alteration of the main current. The
Function of Induction of Chopped Direct Current
It
becomes easily clear from this vortex kinematics that a
so-called chopped direct current also results in an
induced alternating current the directions of which can be
determined with equal accuracy. For induction, it is
principally unimportant whether the nanoparticles are
moved in a reciprocating manner or whether they are left
together with their vortices at their position as a static
field while having the induction conductor affect the
vortex sides. Likewise, it is unimportant to let the
induction coil stationary while moving the electric
conductor including its static vortex fields in a
reciprocating manner. The
Undulating Motion of the Nanoparticles
The
above description of the function of nanoparticles during
opening, closing or altering the current clearly
illustrates the undulating motion of the nanoparticles. In
the moment of closing, the nanoparticles of the earth's
field are driven outward in an undulating motion due to
the increasing vortex intensity causing a mutual repulsion
in accordance with the velocity of the progressing
current, while on opening the current they are pushed back
to their point of origin also in an undulating motion due
to the static pressure of the earth's field. The faster
the interruptions or directional alterations of the
current, the shorter the undulating motions of the
nanoparticles. The
Thorough Explanation of Coulomb's Law
12
This
vortex kinematics is in no way contradictory to the
existing basic mathematical principles of the magnetic
field. On the contrary: Coulomb's law indeed derives from
it its thorough explanation and logical interpretation.
This law cannot be applied to free poles, as we know that
such poles do not exist, but it applies to the two-pole
nanoparticles which are mutually repulsive due to their
ascending vortex. As all vortices have the same sense of
rotation, all north poles are located on one side and all
south poles on the other. When we designate the mechanical
force with which two nanoparticles repel each other as P,
the force or vortex intensity of the repulsion of the one
particle as M1 and that of the other particle as M2 and
the distance between both particles as l, and when we
assume a constant to define the state of the space between
the particles, we find that the mechanical force with
which the two nanoparticles move away from each other due
to their opposite vortex flows is P=(M1•M2)/12
Dyn as an absolute measure. We can also demonstrate
Coulomb's law in a very illustrative manner by generating
water or air eddies. If one makes two balls attached to a
flexible shaft at a distance l rotate in the same
direction within a liquid or in the air, the balls are
repelled from each other with the force P due to the
accumulating effect created between the two balls in
accordance with the momentum, i.e. the generated vortex
intensity. Ohm's
Law
Ohm's
law, too, finds a complete and satisfactory explanation by
vortex kinematics wherein a) the
voltage of the current corresponds with the vortex
intensity and/or the distance between the nanoparticles of
a conductive substance, b)
the
amperage corresponds with the vortex density, and c)
the
resistance corresponds with the vortex-related
accumulating effect occurring between the particles. Hence
the vortex density is proportional to the vortex
intensity, i.e. the distance between the nanoparticles
while the vortex density is inversely proportional to the
vortex-related accumulating effect. Vortex density = vortex intensity / vortex-related
accumulating effect Vortex intensity = vortex density • vortex-related
accumulating effect Vortex-related accumulating effect = vortex intensity
/ vortex density Also,
the existing conception of tubes or lines of force is
clearly and unambiguously explained by vortex kinematics. The
Cause of the Increasing Cross-section and Decreasing
Length of the Lines of Force
According
to the aforementioned, the nanoparticles located one
behind the other form, so to speak, a chain; the north
pole of one particle is always
directed to the south pole of the other
nanoparticle. As a consequence, a tensile force is
generated in longitudinal direction as shown in Fig. 12.
So, such a nanoparticle chain would be nothing but a line
of force. If, as assumed in our example, several such
lines of force or better chains of force are located side
by side, the mutual repulsion of the nanoparticle vortices
generates a pressure force transversely to the direction
of the tube of force. Thus, all characteristics applied to
the lines of force such as an increasing cross-section and
a decreasing length are clearly explained by this
conception. However, in vortex kinematics the relation
between the so-called density of the lines of force and
the number of lines of force is opposite to the previous
conception. In vortex kinematics, the maximum density
possible of lines of force will logically have only one
nanoparticle chain per square centimeter, and the field
strength l will gather the largest number of chains on the
square centimeter. This easily becomes clear from this
point of view because the mutual distance between the
nanoparticles is greatest at the highest vortex intensity
and smallest at the lowest intensity. As a consequence,
the intensity of the lines of force is greatest when the
square centimeter comprises the lowest number of
nanoparticle chains while being lowest when the largest
number of such chains is located on that square
centimeter. Now,
the claw of induction shall be explained in more detail
from the viewpoint of this vortex hypothesis and in
connection with permanent and temporary (electro-)
magnets. It will become clear that this vividly described
vortex kinematics can be applied very well and
successfully to theory and practice as it explains
extremely complex processes in a very illustrative and
simple manner. If
one looks at the deeper regularity of magnetic fields and
at the induction of permanent and temporary magnets
logically following the vortex hypotheses, one arrives at
surprising and unambiguous explanations of numerous
phenomena of magnetism and electricity. Let
us first assume that a vortex field is nothing but a
parallel flow concentrically arranged around a pole axis,
so it will become obvious that the field of a current
conductor in the form of a roller-shaped coil (solenoid)
found to be a parallel flow forms kind of a circulating
vortex flow the front sides of which have to be north or
south poles depending upon the flow direction. The
Electromagnet
If
a soft iron bar is arranged at the center of the axis of
such a flowing vortex, we have an electromagnet the poles
of which correspond exactly to the poles of the flowing
vortex. This electromagnet retains its magnetic properties
as long as it is exposed to a flowing vortex. If
the vortex is switched off by interrupting the current in
the coil or by making the vortex ineffective by putting on
a second coil wound in the opposite direction which
generates a counter-vortex or by initially providing for
only one coil having a bifilar counter winding, the
magnetic properties of the coil as well as of the soft
iron bar disappear. When the flow intensities of the two
counter vortex fields differ, it is clear that the iron
bar becomes magnetized in accordance with the intensity
difference. The
Permanent Magnet
So
it seems that the only difference between an electromagnet
(temporary magnet) and a permanent magnet lies in the fact
that an electromagnet has an artificially generated vortex
field while a permanent magnet has a natural one, the
vortex flow intensity of which must be of the same
strength as that of an electromagnet of equal capacity.
Here the decisive question suggests itself immediately
about the origin of this natural vortex field of the
permanent magnet. This question inevitably arises when one
looks at the vortex fields, and it is not difficult to
find the correct answer to this significant question when
one consistently walks on the path described herein. The
context of all considerations will have to show whether
this answer corresponds to the plain truth, for one
finally may, in all probability, consider those findings
as true which are supported by logical thought and
comprehensive observation. The natural vortex field of the
permanent magnet is in itself the result of the
inhomogeneous flow of an even larger vortex field which we
will discuss further in the course of our investigation. 13
Let
us first try to find out in the light of our above
considerations whether a vortex field can be found in case
of the permanent magnet and whether this field fits into
our above view with respect to the pole arrangement. Fig.
13 shows a bar magnet with a number of magnetic needles
arranged on the axis plane which might be substituted by
iron chips as well. One glance at this figure shows
clearly that the north poles of the magnetic needles face
the south pole of the bar magnet while the south poles of
the magnetic needles face the bar magnet's north pole. We
had found out in our above considerations that a magnetic
needle or a ferromagnetic substance always takes a
position in which its vortex axis is at a right angle
relative to the flow direction and that in this case the
south pole of the needle is always located on the left
side if the electric conductor above the needle extends
away from the viewer (Fig. 8 and 9). When
we mentally apply this fact to our example according to
Fig. 13, we surprisingly discover that indeed there is a
vortex flow around the axis of the bar magnet, presenting
a descending trend at the poles and an ascending trend in
the neutral zone. The descending and ascending direction
of the vortex flow is perceivable from the positions of
the magnetic needle. The
Inhomogeneous Vortex Field of the Permanent Magnet
Although
our example does not provide for an electric conductor
arranged at the poles in a coil-like shape, but in the
same sense the more dense flow of the inhomogeneous vortex
is directed inwardly near the poles while the more dense
flow of the inhomogeneous vortex is directed outwardly in
the neutral zone and at both sides thereof. The dots on
the left side of Fig. 13 represent the arrow tips directed
towards the viewer while the crosses on the right side
represent the arrow feathers, i.e. an arrow direction away
from the viewer. So, in case of the permanent magnet we
see a vortex flow descending from the outside towards the
poles and ascending from the neutral zone towards the
poles. When we look at the direction of the vortex flow,
i.e. the position of the magnetic needles, we find the
north and south poles exactly on the same side as in case
of the artificially generated vortex field of an
electromagnet or solenoid. With a view to the vortices
flowing down to the poles and the vortices flowing from
the neutral zone up to the poles it is not contradictory
to common sense to assume with regard to the permanent
magnet that a streaming-in occurs at the poles and a
streaming-out occurs at and near the neutral zone. In
anticipation of our considerations below, let us designate
the matter which streams in and out shortly as
"actual solar electricity". The
Experimental Proof of the Vortex Gradient on the Bar
Magnet
14
Strictly
speaking, the vortex flows facing the poles must have a
certain gradient so that the magnetic needles located
within these flows show a certain deviation from the poles
because they - as we have seen in the parallel flow field
of the electric conductor - always take a position at a
right angle relative to the flow. Fig. 14 schematically
shows how the actually existing gradient of the pole
vortices can be proven by a simple experiment. The figure
shows a bar magnet A arranged so as to pivot around its
south pole in an inclined position l, a soft iron bar B
rotatably suspended on the elongated inclination axis of
the former and provided with a mirror C, and further a
light source D for projecting the mirror's deflection.
Before starting the experiment, the iron bar is brought
into the inclination position without the influence of the
bar magnet in order to hopefully prevent a later twisting
of the silk thread. As the deflections, i.e. the vortex
gradients, are fairly low, it is recommended to use a
light beam index having a minimum length of three to five
meters. Now, if one swivels the bar magnet A from its
position 1 into position 2, a definite vortex diameter of
the south pole enters the region of the iron bar B with
the latter moving into a position rectangularly to the
vortex gradient or vortex flow thus making the light beam
index deflect from its central position into position 2.
If after recording the index deflection the bar magnet is
swung from position 2 via position 1 into position 3, the
opposite vortex diameter enters the region of the iron bar
and again aligns it rectangularly. As both opposite vortex
gradients are offset relative to each other by twice the
angle ratio at their contact diameters, we observe a light
beam index deflection being twice as large as in the first
case. In correspondence with the vortex gradient, the
direction of movement of the index deflection indicates
the flow direction of the vortex. As the gradient is
nearly indiscernible near the pole, it is best to suspend
the iron bar at some distance from the bar magnet. The
Cause of the Iron Chip Patterns in the Magnetic Field
As
in our previous considerations, intrinsic vortices flow
around the individual magnetic needles, too. As all
vortices of the magnetic needles have the same flow sense,
an accumulation of the opposite flows occurs between the
needles. Thus an accumulation effect occurs which forces
the needles to be mutually repulsive. If
we use iron chips instead of magnetic needles, this mutual
repulsion creates the characteristic lines of the iron
chip patterns (cf. Fig. 1-4). The flow intensities of the
smaller vortices are proportionate to the flow intensity
of the main vortex, i.e. the bar magnet. Large intensities
result in large distances between the iron chip lines and
large ranges of the chip pattern
while low intensities result in short distances and
small ranges. The
aforementioned considerations show that the entry of a
resistance into an inhomogeneous flow field a vortex
emerges the flow direction of which is always in the same
sense as the more dense and intensive side of the flow
field. If an even smaller resistance is immersed into such
a vortex it is logical that within the vortex flow a
respective smaller vortex flow must be generated the flow
sense of which depends upon the first vortex flow, namely
again upon the more dense, mire intensive side of the
vortex field. One might continue in this manner up to the
nanovortex of a nanoparticle and on the other hand up to
the megavortex of a spiral nebula "spiral
nebula". Now
let us become familiar with the effect of induction of a
bar magnet. The
Law of Induction of a Permanent Magnet
15
Let
us assume that the bar magnet shown in Fig. 15 is
surrounded by invisible material nanoparticles as
discussed in the context of Figs. 10 and 11. In the
present figure, these nanoparticles are shown as balls in
the axis plane of the bar magnet at a very large
magnification with their south poles being defined by
black areas and their north poles by white areas to
provide a clearer illustration of the polar pattern. It is
clear from the aforesaid that these nanoparticles within
the large vortex of the bar magnet have their respective
nanovortices so that they all, due to their flow
intensity, repel each other and are, like the visible iron
chip pattern, invisibly arranged according to the
intensity distribution of the descending and ascending
flow vortices of the bar magnet. The flow directions of
the nanovortices are marked by small arrowed ellipses. A
number of larger loops are drawn within this field of
nanovortices to schematically denote an induction coil,
i.e. a coil having several wire windings. The loop side
facing the viewer is provided with an arrow denoting the
direction of the induced current if the loop or induction
coil is moved in the direction of the feathered arrows. It
can be seen from the drawing of the nanoparticles that
their polar axes at each location are at different angular
positions relative to the polar axis of the bar magnet. It
is therefore difficult to achieve a high degree of
induction efficiency. Similar to the bar magnet which
provides an ascending vortex, or better a vortex streaming
out, from the neutral zone towards the poles on both
sides, we find a vortex streaming out from the neutral
zone of the nanoparticles. It is clear that in case of a
nanoparticle a stream of force can only be found at the
ascending vortices of the neutral zone, while it is
impossible to detect it on the descending, in-streaming
vortex sides, i.e. on the pole sides because the particles
are packed closely together. It is this ascending vortex
streaming out the potential of which is led off at a
movement of the vortex field or the induction coil in the
direction of the impinged vortex flow. If
we look at Fig. 15 with this in mind, we can easily
identify the movement of the coil most effective for
induction. We see that the most vortex potential can be
derived in the direction of an axial movement while at the
same time maintaining a concentric coil position. So it is
highly interesting to determine with reference to this
figure to which direction the induced or derived current
flows in the coil when it is moved in the direction of the
feathered arrows. When we at first move the coil axially
and concentrically with the axis of the bar magnet towards
the north pole of the bar magnet, only a weak derivation
or induction can be found in the coil due to the only
partial contact of the windings with the ascending
vortices of the nanoparticles. If the movement towards the
poles is continued, the contact with the ascending vortex
sides of the nanoparticles surrounding the north pole of
the bar magnet increases so that a considerable current
increase can be observed. This direction of movement of
the induced current on the north pole side of the bar
magnet is counterclockwise in accordance with the impinged
vortex sides of the nanoparticles. When we continue to
move the coil
in the same direction, we more and more encounter the
descending polar flow or the south pole sides of the
nanoparticles the nearer we come to the neutral zone. As
we have mentioned before, the pole sides of the
nanoparticles are not provided with an outwardly directed
potential so that no current can be derived or
induced here. If we move the coil beyond this zone towards
the south pole of the bar magnet, we again and
increasingly encounter the outflowing vortex sides of the
nanoparticles. But as we this time impinge on the rear
side of the nanovortices, the current in our induction
coil alters its direction. Here, on the south pole side of
the bar magnet, we have a clockwise current direction. The
current increase and decrease at the south pole side is
similar to that at the north pole side when the coil
movement continues. If we now move the coil backward
towards its original position, we impinge on the
nanovortices in each polar zone always on the opposite
side. As a consequence, the direction of the induced
current is opposite to the first movement direction. If
we now move the coil away from the axis center of the bar
magnet but parallel to it, it is clear that we induce only
a small portion of current compared with the concentric
movement described above. It can be seen in Fig. 15 that,
away from the axis of the bar magnet, we derive only the
difference of the flow intensity between the nanoparticles
near to the poles and those located farther away. If there
were no difference between the vortex intensities, an
induction would be impossible because we have an equal
flow sense of the nanovortices away from the bar magnet
and because these nanovortices would cancel out each other
in the coil as was described with reference to the channel
example. Of course, the direction of the induced
differential current depends upon the flow direction of
those nanovortices which are located near the poles and
thus have a larger flow intensity. When we move the coil
within the neutral zone of the bar magnet towards the
latter, we again impinge on the ascending vortices of the
nanoparticles and derive their potentials in the coil.
Here, too, we induce the difference between the nearer and
the farther nanovortices. During the backward movement, we
impinge on the vortex sides facing the bar magnet and thus
obtain a reversion of the current direction. The
derivation of the potential of the nanovortices means that
a movement of the nanoparticles themselves or the coil
during the impingement acts as a forced intervention into
the static balance condition of the nanovortices and thus
generates a potential or gradient towards the original
balanced state. Due to their mutual vortex repulsion
within the main vortex of the bar magnet, the
nanoparticles are, so to speak, firmly anchored
resistances which make way only for forces being stronger
than the forces of their own mutual support. Without
moving, the nanoparticles thus are in a condition of
static balance. In the very moment, however, in which only
one single nanoparticle is expelled from its static
coherence by means of a coil or the like, a gradient
towards its original position is created. Thus, the vortex
of the nanoparticle flows towards the facing side of the
coil wire and transfers, in accordance with the gradient
created, its flow in the same direction to the coil wire.
So, the generation of the induction current is connected
with a mechanical working power which according to the
energy principle is the energetic equivalent to the
electromagnetic power of the induction current. 16
With
regard to the induction processes schematically
illustrated in Fig. 15 it has to be added that it is not
the same whether the induction coil is slid along the bar
magnet in a right-hand or left-hand manner. Although the
direction of the induction current is not altered at all,
mistakes might be made if one neglected to take care of
the pole alteration of the coil connections when the coil
is turned around. Again, this example proves the logical
consistency of the perceptions of the induction processes
described here. Fig. 16 shows a left-hand coil with the
view direction towards the north pole of the bar magnet of
Fig. 15. If this coil to which a galvanometer is connected
is moved away from the viewer, the impinged flow sides of
the nanovortices transfer their flows in the same
direction to the coil, i.e. counterclockwise. On the other
hand, Fig. 17 shows the coil after being turned by 180°
so that its windings appear ascending to the right. At the
same movement of the coil and the same direction of the
induction current, the galvanometer suddenly changes
because the turning of the coil was not accompanied by an
alteration of the poles of the coil connections. Proof
of the Existence of the Vortex Accumulation Effects
The
following experiment provides another clear proof of the
existence of the vortex accumulation effects. As with most
of the experiments mentioned herein, the author predicted
the course of the individual rotation directions of the
liquid in the various flow portions of the bar magnet.
Fig. 18 shows as a cross-section along the line A-B a
glass vessel into which a bar magnet was immersed. Above
and below the magnetic poles, two conical metal rings 1
and 2 are arranged, respectively. Around the magnetic
poles, two metal disks 3 and 4 are attached, respectively,
while two metal cylinders 5 and 6 surround the so-called
neutral zone of the magnet. The space in between is filled
by some polar groupings of highly magnified nanoparticles
as well as a conductive liquid which fills the glass
vessel nearly up to its rim. The drawing below the glass
vessel shows the cross-section along C-D including the
metal cylinders 5 and 6. The partial view left of the
cross-section A-B shows in the view direction E the upper
conical metal rings 1 and 2. The two partial views right
of the cross-section A-B show the metal disks 3 and 4
surrounding the poles in the view directions F and G,
while the partial view at the lower right side illustrates
the lower conical metal rings 1 and 2 in the view
direction H. If a plus and minus voltage is supplied to
the conical metal rings and the cylinders according to the
drawing with each voltage coming from a separate battery,
i.e. from a total of 5 batteries, the entire liquid
rotates in the sense of the feathered arrows in the
drawing. If the plus and minus poles, e.g. of the conical
metal rings 1 and 2, are exchanged, the liquid rotates
within these portions in the opposite direction although
the rings and cylinders 3, 4 and 5, 6 maintain the same
rotation direction as described above. If now the plus and
minus poles of the metal cylinders 5 and 6, too, the
liquid rotates in exactly the same direction as the
portions of the upper and lower metal rings 1 and 2 the
poles of which had been altered before while the portions
3 and 4 maintain their opposite direction. When we have a
somewhat closer look on the various drawings, we can
easily conceive the causes of the directing pulses.
Firstly, we find that part of the nanoparticles are metal
ions which due to the battery current migrate from the
plus metals to the respective minus metals. As soon as the
metal ions have left their plus rings and disks, they are
surrounded by the helical flows of the bar magnet (as
shown in Fig. 15) and therefore take their respective
polar position during the migration according to Fig. 18.
The same applies to the nanoparticles of the liquid. The
direction of the ionic helical vortices is determined by
the direction of the descending and ascending vortex flow
of the bar magnet, while the migration direction of the
ions or nanoparticles depends upon the direction of the
battery current. As can easily be seen in the drawings,
accumulating effects, i.e. pressure forces, emerge on one
side of the nanoparticles due to the opposite flow
directions of the vortices as well as of the battery
current, while suction forces emerge on the
equidirectional flow side which forces make the ions or
nanoparticles rotate around the bar magnet in the
direction of the feathered arrows. The effect of the
pressure and suction forces can be conceived very easily
in all figures from the arrows denoting the flow of the
battery current and the vortex arrows of the ions. 18
The
Function of the Transformer
19
After
having tried to explain a number of induction phenomena in
a simple, illustrative manner, let us now deal with the
function of a transformer. Fig. 19 shows its operating
principle, for reasons of simplicity illustrated in a form
resembling Fig. 15 except that it is not a permanent
magnet but an electromagnet. A primary coil is provided in
its center while secondary coils are provided on its
poles. The secondary coils are connected to each other so
as to have the induction current flow in the same
direction in both coils. In principle, it does not matter
whether an intermittent direct current or an alternating
current is sent through the primary coil because in both
cases an alternating current is obtained on the secondary
sides. For our description we prefer a direct current
which we interrupt by means of a pushbutton. It is known
that uninterrupted direct current cannot be transformed
because the statically balanced nanoparticles stay in
their positions. The figure shows the moment of
interrupting the primary current. We have mentioned
earlier that normally the nanoparticles are subjected to
the intensity of the earth's field and thus are spaced
apart from each other at certain distances. These natural,
given distances between the nanoparticles are smaller than
those within the field of a bar magnet or a live
conductor. So, if we deal with a permanent bar magnet as
shown in Fig. 15, the mutual distances of the
nanoparticles within the magnetic field are larger than
those within the earth's field. However, the distances
gradually become similar to those of the earth's field
proportionately with the growing distance of the
nanoparticles from the magnet as its intensity decreases.
Within the magnetic field, we would thus have a positive
pressure being largest near the poles and becoming weaker
towards the outside. It is now quite obvious that in the
moment in which the larger vortex intensity of the
nanoparticles within the magnetic field is decreased to
the normal vortex intensity of the earth's field - which
can be easily done by interrupting the current supplied to
the electromagnet - the positive pressure disappears and a
sudden migration of the nanoparticles from the outside to
the inside begins until a pressure balance with the
earth's field has been achieved, i.e. until the
nanoparticles have reached again the distances determined
by the earth's field. (The function of an oscillating
circuit, too, goes back to a positive pressure generation
within the earth's field.) In
the end, the largest vortex intensity of the nanoparticles
is nothing but the energy quantity required for making a
current flow which quantity can be more or less regained
when the current is interrupted. If the nanoparticles
migrating at high speed from the outside to the inside hit
an electric conductor as the secondary coils in our
example shown in Fig. 19, they transfer their extra or
surplus energy to the coils in the same direction as their
impinged vortex sides. However, the nanoparticles flooding
back hit not only the secondary but also the primary coils
which fact is called self-induction. Thus, a rush of
current is generated not only in the secondary coils but
also in the primary coil wherein the current direction
during the flooding-back of the nanoparticles in all coils
is the same as the current direction in the primary coil,
as becomes evident from Fig. 19. The large breaking spark
generated when the primary current is interrupted is a
result of the impingement of the nanoparticles flooding
back on the windings of the primary coil. When
we close the circuit according to Fig. 19, a flow vortex
is generated around the soft iron bar flowing in the same
direction as the primary current in accordance with our
previous considerations. All nanoparticles located around
the iron bar are seized by this vortex, charged, and
repelled from each other to larger distances depending
upon the intensity. So, when the circuit is closed, the
particles migrate from inside to outside while
transferring their potential in the direction of their
impinged vortex side to the coil windings which are hit by
them. The direction of the induced current, however, is
opposite to the primary current when the latter is closed
because this time the opposite vortex sides of the
nanoparticles are impinged on. The primary coil, too, is
hit by the nanoparticles migrating outwardly and is
induced in the opposite direction. Thus, when the circuit
is closed a rush of current is produced in the primary
coil, too, which is known as extra current the direction
of which is opposed to that of the primary current. It is
clear that this so-called extra current must be
detrimental as it weakens the primary current according to
its own power. In the case of direct current, this
disadvantage occurs only when the current is delayed
during closure and when the poles of the direct current
motors change while in the case of alternating current
each period shows this weakening in the primary coil thus
considerably decreasing efficiency. This weakening is
called recoil or reactance. As the inward and outward
movements of the nanoparticles are radial, it is easy to
understand why the quantity of induced current does not
depend upon the length or circumference of a winding, but
exclusively upon the number of windings. The
Skin Effect
20
The
function of induction becomes very clear in the so-called
skin effect of a high frequency coil according to Fig. 20.
It is known that the high frequency current of a coil
flows mainly on its inside. Fig. 20 shows the coil in view
A, in the plane view and the cross-section along C-D. The
bold, uninterrupted lines in the plane view B and the
cross-section C-D mark the location of the current flow on
the inside of the coil. When one studies the peculiarity
of the current flow on the inside of coil B with a view to
the vortex theory, one finds out that no recoil occurs
when the current is altered because the vortex direction
of the nanoparticles moving radially on hitting the
opposite part of the winding is the same as the direction
of the current flowing through this part of the winding.
However, if one observes the induction process according
to the schematic coil view A, one immediately perceives
that the nanovortices moving along the longitudinal
direction of the coil have an opposite flow direction when
they hit the next winding and thus exercise a slowing
influence on the main flow at the surface proportionate to
the induction. On the other hand, an induction effect
caused by the nanovortices flooding back occurs on the
outside of the coil only when the field decreases to zero.
In
summary, one can say that the skin effect on the inside of
a high frequency coil is caused by an addition and between
the windings by a subtraction of the induction. In
the field of electrotechnology, there is no physical
process which could not be fully explained in an
illustrative manner by means of this vortex kinematics. It
would be going too far to discuss all phenomena of
magnetism and electricity by way of examples. Therefore,
only three induction principles shall be concisely
discussed here, namely the function of the generator or a
current-generating machine, the cause of movement of a
current conductor within a magnetic field, and the
function of wireless transmission. Indeed, these three
examples indicate the existence of the statically balanced
nanoparticle vortex fields within the megavortex field of
the earth. The
Induction Process in a Current-generating Machine
21
Fig.
21 schematically illustrates the induction process in a
machine generating alternating current. For clarity, only
one winding has been drawn around the rotor. When the pole
pairs are opposite to each other, all vortex axes of the
nanoparticles are aligned parallel to the pole axis so
that the wire winding during its passage between the poles
impinges on practically all vortex sides of the
nanoparticles located in between. In the generator, not
only the windings are moved, but also the nanoparticles
flood to and fro when the rotor poles approach the stator
poles and thus increase their impact speed because their
reciprocating movement is always opposite to the movement
of the winding. As the direction of the nanovortices
between the poles is exactly equal to the direction of the
main vortex of the magnetic poles, we find the same flow
sense of the nanoparticles within the two so-called
homogeneous pole fields. If the winding is rotated
according to the feathered arrows, the upper part of the
winding impinges on the left
vortex side while the lower part impinges on the left
vortex side of the nanoparticles. This causes a
simultaneous duplication of the induction. When we swing
the winding out of the pole region, it more and more
impinges on the pole sides of the nanoparticles until,
after a 90° swing, i.e. in the so-called neutral zone,
the induction current has decreased to zero. When the
winding moves beyond this zone, the current direction
alters because the original upper part of the winding now
impinges on the left vortex
side of the lower nanoparticles while the original lower
part of the winding impinges on the left
vortex side of the upper nanoparticles. If we swing the
winding outwardly by more than 180°, the induction
current will for the second time decrease to zero at a
270° swing having then again the same direction as during
the swing within the first 90° zone. 22
In
this context, it might be of interest to also explain the
cause of the movement of a current conductor within a
magnetic field using the vortex accumulation laws. Fig. 22
shows in its upper part a cross-section of a magnetic
field between two poles and two conductors 1 and 2 and in
its lower part a cross-section along A-B. When a current
flows through both conductors in the direction of the bold
arrow, the flow direction of the nanoparticles between
conductor 1 and the magnetic field is rectified while the
flow direction of the nanoparticles between conductor 2
and the magnetic field is opposite. As a result, the
conductor 1 moves towards the magnetic field in the
direction C-C while the conductor 2 moves away from the
magnetic field in the direction D-D. So in this case, both
conductors have the same moving direction because a
suction or thinning occurs on conductor 1 and a pressure
or compression occurs on conductor 2 due to the flow
accumulation. If the current direction of the conductors
1, 2 changes, the moving direction of the conductors
changes too. The
Induction of the Magnetic Field of the Earth
With
regard to the current-generating machine, we face the fact
that we derive the potentials of the nanovortices
generated by the positive magnetic pressures by means of a
natural (permanent) or artificial (temporary) vortex field
and that the emerging energy gaps are filled up by a
continuous inflow of new energy from the megavortex of the
earth. In other words: we generate an electric gradient or
potential when we disturb the state of equilibrium of the
statically balanced nanoparticle vortex fields by a forced
and timed intervention.. The
Induction Principle of Remote Transmission and Remote
Reception
Basically,
the function of wireless transmission is similar to that
of an electric conductor and an induction coil except that
the conductor is replaced by the antenna of the
transmitter and the induction coil by the antenna of the
receiver. In
both cases, the nanovortex fields distributed over the
entire earth field represent the medium of induction. We
have seen previously that with regard to induction it is
irrelevant whether the electric conductor or induction
coil or the nanovortex fields are moved in a reciprocating
manner. As the former is impossible in wireless
transmission, the nanovortex fields of the earth field
have to be moved reciprocally which can only be
implemented by intermittently charging and discharging the
nanovortex fields of the earth field. Basically, this can
be accomplished in two ways, namely quick closing and
interrupting of a direct current circuit or quick
alternation of an alternating current circuit. In all
transmission systems, the earth field is in a quick
sequence additionally charged and discharged by
irradiating electric energy in an all-round or directed
manner. In the earth field, too, the movement of the
nanoparticle vortices is always rectangular to the flow or
ray direction of the emitted energy, so that for best
reception results the antenna of the receiver must be
aligned in the ray direction, because in this case it is
impinged on by the largest number of nanovortex fields.
The rectangular movement of the nanovortices in horizontal
direction, i.e. parallel to the earth's surface, is
limited by the finiteness of the earth's circumference and
therefore weak in range and induction effect. The mutual
distances between the nanoparticles conditioned by the
natural field of the earth cannot be extended horizontally
by additional charging as it is possible vertically;
therefore, the range and the induction of the vertically
moved nanovortices are better than those of the
horizontally moved ones. The so-called reflection of short
waves on the ionospheric stratum which is registered as an
echo on the earth is connected with the vertical movement
of the nanovortices. It is highly probable that only the
additional amplification of the earth field which is
represented by an additional charge of the nanoparticle
vortices and the expansion of their distances can be
induced. As will become clear in Part Four about the
nature and spreading of light, the mutual distances of the
nanoparticle vortices expand due to solar irradiation, so
that at daytime a smaller number of nanovortices impinge
on one square centimeter than at night. As the particles,
due to the finiteness of the earth's circumference, cannot
expand horizontally as far as vertically, the density
distribution of the nanoparticle vortices around the earth
has an oval shape as in Fig. 23. As temperature, too, has
a considerable influence on the distance expansion of the
nanovortices, as explained in the next chapter, induction
further depends upon the temperature variations. The
explanation of the cause of this influence will be left to
the next chapter. 23
The
Megavortex of the Earth
We
have found that the vortex axis always extends at a right
angle to the flow and that the south pole of the axis is
always on the left side when the larger intensity of the
flow occurs above the vortex axis and the flow direction
is away from the viewer. The
Flow Direction of the Megavortex Field of the Earth
When
we, with this law in mind, look at the various positions
of a bar magnet or a magnetic needle on the different
degrees of latitude and evaluate the positions with regard
to their mutual relationships and in their entirety, we
find out that there exists an east-west flow around the
earth from the equator to both sides up to higher degrees
of latitude, as well as a megavortex flowing out from the
earth, and an inflowing vortex on each of the earth's
magnetic poles. The two inflowing vortices and the one
outflowing vortex of the earth have the same flow sense as
with the bar magnet. Just as we have realized the flow
principle in the world of the small, we can apply the same
idea to the world of the big. As the earth represents only
a small part of the solar system, the vortex flow
principle must have exactly the same effect in the larger
scale of the sun as in the scale of the earth. The
Solar Gigavortex
While
the rotational axis of the flow vortex of a bar magnet
takes a position rectangular to the flow of the earth's
megavortex, the latter takes a position rectangular to the
solar flow vortex. If we have an equal flow sense of a bar
magnet and of the earth, we have consequently a rectified
vortex flow of the earth and the sun. As we have perceived
earlier, the cause of the rectangular position is the
accumulation of two opposite flows. With respect to the
bar magnet (magnetic needle), we find this accumulation on
the vortex side facing away from the earth. Thus, we have
the same flow sense of the earth and the magnet while on
the magnet's vortex side facing away from the earth there
is an opposite motion between the magnet's vortex on the
one hand and the earth's megavortex on the other. Just
like a bar magnet or a magnetic needle is kept at a right
angle to the earth's megavortex, the earth, i.e. its
magnetic pole axis, is kept approximately at a right angle
to the solar gigavortex. The
Disturbances of the Gigavortex
It
is a fact that disturbances occurring within the solar
vortex have an effect on the earth's megavortex wherein
these disturbances are passed on to the smaller vortices
and nanovortices. Thus, the daily, annual, and secular
disturbances of the solar vortex are passed on to the
earth's megavortex which bears influence on the vortices
of the bar magnets and magnetic needles which confirm in
their daily, annual, and secular deviations in
correspondence with the course of and the processes on the
sun the underlying context. In another chapter we will try
to present further reasons for these conclusions. Recording,
Geomagnetic Differential Motor
Fig.
24 and 25 show, as designed by the author, a geomagnetic
differential motor equipped with a remote transmission
system for continuous recording of the geomagnetic field.
This motor provides highly interesting insights into the
deeper relationship between the geomagnetic field and the
sun. It is known that the geomagnetic field is subject to
continuous variations between daytime and night, in the
various seasons and during cloud formation. These
variations as well as the protuberances erupting on the
front and rear side of the sun are recorded in a very
characteristic manner. Also, there seems to be a
relationship between certain earthquakes and the
geomagnetic field. For example, some steeply ascending
curves coincided nearly at an hour's accuracy with the
earthquake in southern France and the earthquake in the
pacific region in 1959. The author was also able to detect
a relationship between geomagnetism and the distances of
the sun (aphelion and perihelion). In connection with the
ideas discussed herein, this observation allows the
conclusion that the geomagnetic field is not basically an
intrinsic one but an intrinsic field of the sun
representing nothing but the solar gravity field being
contracted in correspondence with the distance of the sun.
One might conclude as well that at an appropriate distance
the gravity field of the earth also contracts and acts as
magnetic field. A number of interesting and more accurate
results will be obtained in the future when a number of
geomagnetic differential motors will continuously operate
within the various degrees of latitude and meridian
circles. 24
The
motor consists mainly of a rotor equipped with a roller
contact collector and a rotor field kept constant, plus
two stationary stator coils provided with a constant but
weaker stator field. It is the task of the latter to
compensate for the frictional forces of the rotor being
reduced to a minimum so that almost exclusively
geomagnetism will act and be recorded. Furthermore, the
zero position of the motor is determined by this constant
stator field by swinging the motor with its
north-south-axis (1-1) by 180°. In this position, the
stator field 3-4 which is connected to the motor is
adjusted so that the motor comes to a standstill. In this
position, the writing-pen of the remote recorder is put
onto the zero line. Following this adjustment, the motor
is swung back by 180° into its original position so that
the two north poles of the stator coils are directed
towards the earth's north pole. In this position, the
motor starts to operate and receives its respective speed
in accordance with the density of the earth's stator
field. This speed may vary between 10 and 100 rpm. If the
density of the earth's field increases or decreases, the
motor will operate slower or faster, respectively. Due to
the centrifugal force, the speed bears influence in radial
direction on two weights each being attached to a lever
diametrically to the other. These weights are connected
via chains with a counterweight being slidably mounted on
the rotor axis. Beneath the lower front side of this
weight, a rolling/feeling lever is arranged which
frictionless transmits the movements of the weight via a
gear to a remote transmitter resistance drum being
connected to a remote recorder. In certain intervals, an
electrically controlled pressing lever brings the feeling
lever into contact with the resistance drum and thus
transmits frictionless the respective actual values of the
geomagnetic field. Parts
of Characteristic Diagrams
Fig.
26 shows the course of the geomagnetic variations during
one week on the 49th degree of latitude and the
8th eastern meridian. Regarding the
constructive features of the geomagnetic differential
motor, it might be added that the spindle bearings of the
rotor operate in specifically designed prism ball bearings
the friction resistance of which was reduced to a minimum.
In the test model, the step-down ratio between the spindle
diameter and the balls is 1:5. The transmission of the
constant current to the collector is not accomplished by
conventional sliding contacts but by roller contacts with
a step-down ratio of 1:50. The actual friction of these
specifically designed roller contacts of the collector is
next to zero and thus prevents practically any frictional
influence even in case of a higher contact pressure.
Although the breaking sparks of the collector are mostly
extinguished by capacitors, very tiny, nearly invisible
breaking sparks on the running surfaces of the collector
and the roller wheels would in the course of time form an
oxide layer which would have an adverse effect on the
measurements due to the increasing resistance, unless the
rotor were installed in a container filled with an
indifferent gas. The top of the container formed as a
floating bell is provided with a glass window to allow a
convenient observation of the rotor. Of course, the
measurement would be ideal if the rotor were not subject
to a varying resistance by atmospheric pressure
variations, i.e. if it were installed in an evacuated
container. For
the sake of completeness, it be noted that the rotor
operates even without the stator coils 3-4, but in this
case the measurement is affected by certain friction
differences. 26
Another
interesting experiment which will be of importance for
later considerations should be mentioned in the context of
this motor. If at a short distance a soft iron bar is
arranged as a continuation of the pole axes and if a
permanent magnet is brought near its outer end, the motor
speed increases due to the influence effect. If the soft
iron bar is heated by a gas flame or the like, the motor
slows down due to the influence of heat. On the other
hand, the motor speed increases if the soft iron bar is
refrigerated. The
Actual Electricity of the Sun and the Earth
If
one seeks clarity about the idea underlying the design
scheme by studying the interaction of a number of
particular components, e.g. a fob watch, there are
basically two ways to arrive at the same objective. The
most obvious and usual way is to most accurately study the
laws governing the action of the various components, then
to categorize these components, to connect them and to
conclude from the function of the individual components
the function of all. This way leads from the individual
material elements to the idea of the designer. The other
way is the original, direct way from the designer's idea
to the material effectiveness of the components. When we
want to go this way, we have to try to dive into the
designer's world of ideas. We ourselves have to imitate
the designer in order to pass from the task to the idea
and from the idea to the individual components. We
ourselves have to impose the regularity on the element and
to determine and calculate the individual, group and total
functions beforehand. If our expectations are met, our
modeled ideas and thoughts were correct.
If our expectations are met only in part or not at
all, we have perceived the designer's idea only partially
or not at all. We may denote the first way as the
empirical, experience-bound way from the material to the
spiritual world of ideas and the second way as the
perceptional way from the spiritual to the material world.
In our further considerations, we prefer to follow the
perceptional way. It is the more difficult one but it
leads us to our objective safer and faster. In
order to illustrate and explain the various induction
processes in our considerations, we had to assume
invisible power flows as they are familiar to us with a
view to the laws of gas and liquid flows. This assumption
even allowed us to determine the directions of the
invisible flows and the basic relationships between
earthly and cosmic processes. We called these invisible
power flows actual solar electricity. The
Properties of the Actual Solar Electricity
We
can imagine this actual solar electricity as the east-west
helical flow originating from the sun the effect of which
represents the solar gravity throughout the entire solar
system. We shall discuss this relations in more detail
below. For now, let us just state that the effect of this
actual solar electricity resembles the aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic flow laws. Hence, we have to assign to the
actual solar electricity similar properties such as
expansion due to heat and contraction due to coldness as
well as the fact that heat is generated by motion,
friction, accumulation while coldness is generated by the
absence of friction and accumulation, i.e. by rest. One
might say as well that the heat pole is related to motion
and the coldness pole to rest. Thus, the actual solar
electricity is the moving electricity while the potential
electricity is the resting electricity being at the lowest
coldness pole. These relationships, too, will be dealt
with in greater detail below. The potential electricity or
energy is the original physical condition of all
substances, so it is the first physical condition of
matter and forms the prerequisite for the gaseous
condition just as the latter forms the prerequisite for
the liquid condition and this on its turn forms again the
prerequisite for the solid condition. Therefore, the
potential electricity or energy is to be regarded as the
building material of the material world. The
Nature of Heat and Coldness
If
we apply our perception that the state of heat is only a
result of friction and accumulation to our actual
electricity, we find out the following: From this point of
view, let us have another, closer look on the figures
shown above. We realize accumulations of opposite vortex
flows in all spaces between the nanoparticles. So these
accumulations must generate heat irrespective of whether
we look at an artificial or a natural vortex field such as
the one generated by a permanent magnet. As the actual
solar electricity whirls the nanoparticles around more or
less intensively depending upon their substance and
physical condition, we can observe a certain heat
condition of the matter due to this accumulation. It is
known that in regions which lack solar irradiation for
several months temperature never falls below -67°C. This
ostensible temperature retention is on the one hand a
result of the accumulation of opposite nanoparticle
vortices caused by the actual solar electricity and the
actual geoelectricity and on the other hand by the
nanoparticle ball accumulation zones which will be
discussed later. Certain substances such as substances
containing radium have a higher
accumulation heat due to their internal structure.
But similar to the fact that the final temperature of an
artificially generated vortex field of an electric
conductor cannot be exceeded because the amount of heat
continuously delivered to the environment equals the heat
generated by the accumulation of the actual solar
electricity flowing through, the final temperature of the
vortex field of these substances cannot exceed a certain
amount above the ambient temperature. Within an electric
conductor there are no vortices to be found in the
conductor axis because the nanoparticles of the conducting
substance located are surrounded by flows on all sides.
The vortex formation increases towards the edge of the
conductor cross-section proportionate to the radius from
the conductor axis so that the vortex intensity of the
nanoparticles is strongest on the edge or near the surface
of the electric conductor. The
Cause of the Electric Resistance in a Conductor and of
Thermal conduction
If
an electric conductor contained only those nanoparticles
which we have described above as being particles located
in the space outside the conductor, only little vortex
formation and accumulation heat generation would occur
inside the conductor so that the spreading of vortices
(thermal conduction) would be faster and the specific
resistance be smaller. But in practice we find different
vortex intensities and vortex spreading velocities
depending upon the structure and material condition of the
conductor. One can say that high and dense vortex
intensities spread slowly to the adjacent particles
because a large vortex formation or large charge requires
a certain amount of time. Large vortex intensities cause
large accumulations, i.e. strong heat generation. Hence,
large accumulations result in a high resistance.
Alternatively, one can say that low vortex intensities
spread very quickly to the adjacent particles because a
lower charge naturally requires less time. Small vortex
intensities cause small accumulations and little heat
generation and thus a low resistance. Silver, for example,
has a specific resistance of approx. 0.016 ohm and a
thermal conduction level of 0.00035064 kcal at a length of
one meter, a cross-section of one square millimeter and a
one-hour temperature difference, while graphite has a
resistance of 40 ohm and a thermal conduction of only
0.00000360 kcal while the other conditions are similar to
those of the silver example. The
vortex intensity of the material nanoparticles cannot be
increased infinitely as there exists a saturation limit. The
Increase and Decrease of the Electric Resistance Due to
Temperature Increase
As
described in greater detail below, the resistance must
increase until the saturation limit has been reached while
it must decrease when this limit is exceeded. This
saturation limit has long been exceeded in some
non-metallic substances such as carbon in its graphite
form, lead superoxide, manganese superoxide, silicon and
carbide due to their high specific resistances and low
thermal conduction or spreading values. Hence their
specific resistance decreases at a temperature increase
while the specific resistance of metallic substances
having less resistance and higher thermal conduction
coefficients increases at a temperature increase. As soon
as the saturation limit has been reached, the expansion or
thinning of the actual solar electricity becomes effective
when the temperature increases. The accumulation and with
it the resistance decrease. The
specific resistance and the thermal conduction within a
substance are reciprocal values, i.e. they have a
reciprocal relation with each other. In order to let these
reciprocal values become like, a Joule effect expressed in
kcal generated by the specific resistance must be used in
the same time unit. Accordingly, the Joule effect of
silver is: Q=0.00024•J2•W•t=0.00024•12•0.016•36=0.014
kcal/h. In
comparison, the Joule effect of graphite is: Q=0.00024•12•40•3,600=34.560
kcal/h. The
Law of the Thermoelectric Voltage Sequence
As
the thermal conduction coefficient is an expression of the
velocity of charging and the Joule effect a measure for
the receiving capacity of the nanoparticles of a
conducting substance, the product of both factors is a
measure of power or intensity of the charged nanoparticle
vortices. When one calculates the vortex intensities of a
number of substances and puts them in a list according to
the magnitude, one can see that this order of magnitude
corresponds in principle with the empirical thermoelectric
voltage sequence. The following table comprises the
author's calculation of some conducting substances in
their order of magnitude one below the other. The vortex
intensity relates to a substance temperature of 18° C. At
lower or higher temperatures the sequence of vortex
intensities and accordingly the thermoelectric voltage
sequence changes due to the excess or underflow of the
saturation limit.
The
Nature of Thermoelectricity
If
two different substances are joined and heated at the
joining point, it becomes obvious that no vortex
equilibrium can exist at the right and the left of the
joining point because the vortex intensity on one side is
higher than on the other side. So, a clear potential or
gradient exists here.
As a necessity, an electricity flow starts from the
higher to the lower vortex intensity, i.e. the expanding
actual solar electricity flows from the substance with the
higher temperature increase to the substance having the
lower one. In correspondence with its nature, the actual
solar electricity expanded by the heat always flows to the
colder zone. The larger the heat difference, the steeper
the flow gradient. However, it is also important for the
flow direction which substance has the lower resistance
during the temperature increase, i.e. which nanoparticles
have already exceeded the charge saturation limit. In view
of the aforementioned, to generate a thermal current does
not require the joining of two different substances, but
it is sufficient to heat a conducting substance at any
spot and to move either the heat source or the heated spot
to and fro. If in a first test the heat source is kept
stationary beneath the conducting substance, a vortex
intensity or potential equilibrium exists on both sides.
The expanded actual solar electricity tries to flow off to
both colder sides but remains balanced due to the state of
equilibrium. Thus, the equal gradients flowing off on both
opposite sides cancel each other out. If the heat source
is shifted to the right or the left, the potential
equilibrium is disturbed, and the expanded actual solar
electricity begins to flow off to the side having the
lower specific resistance. As we have found out earlier,
the increase or decrease of the specific resistance in
case of a temperature increase depends upon the vortex
saturation limit. For this reason, the current direction
is equal to the moving direction of the heat source with
regard to a number of substances such as copper, while
with regard to carbon-containing iron and other substances
having a low thermal conduction coefficient the current
direction is opposite to the moving direction of the heat
source. If in the case of copper the heat source is moved
to the right, the higher thermal capacity is located at
the left. As the specific resistance of copper rises
together with the heating, the current finds the lower
resistance on the right side having the lower thermal
capacity and hence flows off towards the right side. If
one moves the heat source to the right beneath substances
having a low thermal conduction coefficient such as coal,
lead, stibium, carbon-containing iron, the specific
resistance on the left side having the highest thermal
capacity is lower, due to the oversaturation of the
vortex, than on the right side having the lower thermal
capacity. Consequently, the current does not flow to the
right but to the left, i.e. opposite to the movement of
the heat source. The
potential equilibrium of an electric conductor can also be
disturbed by heating one end of the conductor and
positioning the other cold end onto the heated end. In the
same moment, the potential equilibrium is significantly
disturbed, and the current flows, exactly as described
above, to the side having the lower resistance until the
state of equilibrium is reached again by heating the cold
part of the electric conductor. The
Cause of the Shift of the Hottest and Coldest Days of the
Year
It
is known that the hottest and coldest days of the year do
not coincide with the longest day on June 21st
and the shortest day on December 21st, but we
have the hottest days approximately in mid-July and the
coldest days approximately in mid-January. One has to
assume on the basis of the previous considerations that
the highest and the lowest temperatures of the year cannot
occur during the time of the longest and shortest days
because at those times, so to speak, a resting state
exists in the distance grouping of the nanoparticles. Only
after the change of the day lengths and midday heights of
the sun the earth's surface and with it the actual solar
electricity flowing around the earth are heated up
differently. The solar irradiation begins to weaken only
after June 21st causing a gradual contraction
of the actual solar electricity, i.e. the distances
between the nanoparticles in the atmosphere become smaller
and their vortex accumulation heat larger because there
exists a larger accumulation density per area unit. So,
the additional larger accumulation heat of the opposite
nanoparticle vortices has to be added to the relatively
strong solar irradiation in mid-July. The same applies -
in the opposite sense - to the winter. The increase of the
solar irradiation and hence the gradual expansion of the
actual solar electricity or distance increase between the
nanoparticle vortices starts only after December 21st
causing a relative decrease of the accumulation heat. In
addition to the solar irradiation being still weak in
mid-January, the expansion of the mutual distances between
the nanovortices and hence the decreasing accumulation
heat withdraw additional heat from the earth. For these
reasons, the hottest and coldest days cannot occur on June
21st and December 21st, but only
some time later when the distance changes of the
nanovortices have started and the effect of the solar
irradiation does not yet decisively influence on the
temperature increase or decrease on the surface of the
earth. The practical utilization of this perception
regarding heat and coldness will probably be in the near
future that very high thermal degrees will be achieved by
a periodically swelling voltage increase of magnetic
fields while a very low coldness will be reached by
enlarging the distances between the nanoparticle vortices
and reaching highest thermal degrees in the opposite sense
by reducing the voltage, i.e. by shortening the distances
between the nanovortices. It
goes without saying that there exists an internal
relationship between the law of coldness generation by
increasing the distances between the vortex fields and
heat generation by decreasing the distances between the
vortex fields and the law of the expansion and contraction
of solid, liquid, and especially gaseous substances at hot
and cold conditions as well as voltage change. In all
cases, the actual electricity flowing around all
nanoparticles is the cause of the expansion and
contraction of substances. Expansion is caused by voltage
increase and contraction by voltage decrease of the actual
electricity. The voltage increase is accomplished either
by heat or by increasing the current gradient while the
voltage decrease is accomplished either by coldness or by
decreasing the gradient. The distances between the
vortices become larger or smaller depending upon their
intensity. However, not only the actual solar electricity
but also the actual geoelectricity is involved in the
expansion and contraction of substances. The latter is
specifically earthly and has its origin inside the earth.
The actual geoelectricity which will be further explained
in the following chapters is the cause of the earth's
gravity. It differs from the actual solar electricity only
in its voltage condition. The actual solar electricity
comes from the sun and has, due to the large distance from
the sun, on the earth's surface not the same high voltage
as the actual geoelectricity the distance of which to the
inside, i.e. to the zone of dynamic equilibrium, of the
earth is relatively short. Due to its high voltage
condition, it cannot be measured in the same manner as the
actual solar electricity. Only the force of the falling
acceleration provides a direct measure of its voltage
condition. Thus, the actual solar electricity has on the
earth's surface a voltage condition and density in
accordance with the distance from the sun while the actual
geoelectricity has a voltage and density corresponding to
the earth. All earthly substances are subject to the
vortex of the actual geoelectricity but also to the actual
solar electricity in the same flowing sense, differing in
the fact that the geoelectricity has, due to the distance,
a significantly higher voltage and lower density than the
actual solar electricity, the effect of which was
perceived as the geomagnetic field in the discussion of
the geomagnetic differential motor. The
Influence of the Actual Solar Electricity on the General
Weather Situation
The
actual solar electricity exercises a considerable
influence especially on substances in a gaseous physical
condition. The atmosphere, for instance, is continuously
affected by this influence. If the vortex intensity of the
actual solar electricity increases within the earth's
field, the air pressure decreases, while the air pressure
increases when the actual solar electricity decreases. By
and large, one can say that the influence of the actual
solar electricity determines the general weather situation
on the earth. Likewise, the actual solar electricity is,
irrespective of the solar irradiation, considerably
involved in the phenomena of heat and coldness. We also
have to make a difference whether the field of the actual
solar electricity - with or without solar irradiation -
increases or decreases. Generally, it can be said that the
decrease of the actual solar electricity field causes a
temperature rise and the decrease a temperature decline
just because the heat is a result of the opposite actual
solar electricity's nanovortex accumulation and the
distance change of the nanovortices. The
Formation of Clouds and Hail
During
the formation of clouds and hail we can observe that
coldness occurs when the field of actual solar electricity
increases considerably causing the condensation of the
water steam in the atmosphere which results in the
formation of clouds, hail, and thunderstorms, i.e. a
discharge of the actual solar electricity (lightning).
Also, the distance increase between the nanoparticles
makes the atmosphere more transparent thus expanding and
enlarging the range of view. The practical utilization of
this new perception will in the near future allow to
exercise a considerable influence on the local weather
situation. It will be possible to prevent, for example, a
local hail by inducing the charged earth's field by quick
movements of the nanoparticles - either by artificial
lightnings or by explosion-like vibrations. To this end,
appropriately designed and well grounded antennas would
have to be positioned in the regions to be protected. On
the other hand, rain could be generated by charging the
earth's field. Large-scale tests would be necessary to
find out how this charging could be performed best. It
might be possible, for example, to spread finely
distributed, electrically charged substances by planes
flying in large heights. This extra charge of the
atmospheric nanoparticles would increase their mutual
distances causing a cooling effect and thus a condensation
of the atmospheric water steam which would then fall down
as rain. The aforementioned coldness generation by voltage
increase would thus already exist in nature. The
Cause of the Absolute Zero Point
As,
according to this vortex theory, electricity and actual
solar electricity are alike and differ only with respect
to voltage and density, the phenomena of accumulation,
heat and resistance must also be the same. As heat is
generated by an accumulation caused by the opposite
vortices, this accumulation may also be denoted simply as
resistance of the actual solar electricity. When in case
of pure metals the electric resistance, which is just a
result of the vortex accumulation effect of the electric
current, amounts to approximately 0.4 % per degree of
temperature decline, this must apply to gases, too, when
the temperature decline is to correspond with the decrease
of the opposite vortex accumulation. This is the case
indeed because the accumulation decrease of gases is at
the same time connected with a distance decrease of the
nanoparticles and thus with a volume reduction which,
although not evenly down to the lowest temperatures,
amounts to 0.3662 % per degree of temperature decline,
i.e. the resistance of the actual solar electricity
decreases in gases by 0.3662 % per degree of temperature
decline, while it or the electricity amounts to 0.4 % in
pure metals such as copper, lead, aluminum. So it is easy
to calculate that at 100 % or a temperature decline of
minus 273 °C the resistance and hence the vortex
accumulation and accumulation heat must completely
disappear. In other words, this would mean that starting
from -273 °C the actual solar electricity within the
substances is no longer subject to vortex formation and
therefore flows through the substances without any
accumulation or resistance. The only reason for this
behavior of the electricity can be the fact that the
actual solar electricity which arrives on the earth at a
certain density and voltage is neither expanded nor
contracted exactly at minus 273 °C, i.e. that exactly
this temperature corresponds with its voltage condition on
arrival. So the actual solar electricity would no longer
have any vortex gradient, accumulation and heat generation
beyond minus 273 °C. However, the actual geoelectricity
remains unaffected by this temperature because its voltage
condition is much higher than that of the actual solar
electricity. Due to the voltage dependence of the actual
solar electricity upon the distance between the sun and
the earth, a turning point occurs in the regularity of the
kinetic gas theory at approximately -273 °C. The laws of
the kinetic gas theory are no longer applicable beyond
this turning point. The
clear consideration shows that although we are unable at
present to lower the temperature below -273 °C, there is
no reason to stop at this temperature in our further
reflections. Indeed, the inexorable law of logic lets us
assume with a view to the structure of substances
described in Part Two that temperatures far below -273 °C
are possible and legitimate. Furthermore we come to
perceive that the temperature of -273 °C is a
specifically earthly value which must not be applied to
celestial bodies having other distances from the sun, and
that indeed each celestial body within the solar system
has its own specific so-called absolute zero point. For
instance, the mean specific absolute zero points in °C of
our planets would be as follows:
In
the experimental determination of the lowest temperature
the nearest and farthest distances from the sun must be
taken into account because both have to produce different
results. Summary
Now
that the author has made an attempt to roughly outline the
new, universally effective vortex law, we do not want to
conclude our considerations without looking once again at
the essential features and characteristics of this law in
order to perhaps further illuminating some of the new
perceptions. For the sake of clarity and brevity, let us
put the perceptions obtained in an alphabetical order as
independent members of the integral whole. 1.
Contact pressure (attraction) and repulsion
The
so-called attraction which we denote as contact pressure
according to our ideas always means pressing forces acting
in space from outward to inward, i.e. in a centripetal
way, while repulsion means centrifugal forces. In order to
make this difference clear we have to start from the
normal condition of the earth's field. We know now that
the nanoparticles or energy balls in the earth's field
have definite mutual distances. When we deal with e.g. a
bar magnet within the earth's field, we realize that the
energy balls of the earth's field are additionally charged
at the poles of the bar magnet by the descending pole
vortices and therefore are spaced farther apart near the
poles than elsewhere. Thus, in the region near the poles
we have, so to speak, an energy ball dilution which
appears within the earth's field as a positive pressure
because the earth's field always attempts to achieve the
normal distances of the energy balls. When we move the
south pole of a second bar magnet towards the vicinity of
the north pole of the first bar magnet, as shown in Fig.
27, the state of static equilibrium of the energy balls is
disturbed as soon as the two diluted energy ball spheres
come into mutual engagement. Now the earth's field
attempts via the outside pressure to push into each other the two diluted energy ball spheres
despite of their opposite polarities in order to achieve a
state of equilibrium in the smallest space. This pushing
into each other, however, is possible only because the
vortex flows between the energy balls of the unequal poles
have the same flow sense and hence do neither accumulate
nor repel each other. 27
Repulsion
only means that the flow sense between the energy balls of
equal poles is opposite and causes an accumulating effect
which in its entirety acts against the action of pushing
the diluted spheres into each other. In general, all
chemical compounds and reactions are based on the same
principle of contact pressure and repulsion as we will see
later. 2.
Electricity
In
its nature, electricity is concentrated actual solar
electricity, the gradient of which relative to the normal
condition of the earth's field can be either positive or
negative. As electricity is always induced by disturbing
the state of equilibrium of the earth's field, there
exists always a balance between positive and negative. The
disturbance of the state of equilibrium may be
accomplished in different ways: 1)
by
mechanically shifting the energy balls within a statically
balanced energy ball field (induction, frictional electricity); 2)
by
producing a thermal gradient by means of differing vortex
potentials (thermoelectricity, galvanic electricity); 3)
by
evacuating the potential core electricity of an energy
ball (photonic rocket, photostream). 3.
Potential and actual geoelectricity
The
potential geoelectricity has its origin in the center of
the earth and was ejected out of the sun in a tremendous
eruption in the most distant past. On the other hand, the
actual geoelectricity is that force which, like the actual
solar electricity, flows in an east-west direction from
the earth's zone of dynamic equilibrium as an ascending,
highly tense helical stream around the earth, whirls
around all substances and presses them towards the earth
by means the emerging accumulating effects. This means
that the substances are not attracted, but pressed against
the earth in a centripetal direction. Indeed, the actual
geoelectricity is the earth's gravity. The actual
geoelectricity influences in part on the moon's orbit
around the earth and is further, in combination with the
position of the moon, the cause of low and high tide. All
further details will be discussed in a later chapter. 4.
Geomagnetic field
The
inhomogeneous megavortex of the earth contains a vast
number of energy balls the distances between which depend
upon the intensity of the megavortex, the temperature and
the solar irradiation. Due to the inhomogeneous
megavortex, all vortices of the energy balls have the same
flow sense. The solar irradiation additionally charges the
energy ball vortices located on the daylight side so that
their mutual distances are increased. Thus, the number of
energy balls impinging on one square centimeter on the
daylight side is smaller than on the night side where the
energy ball density is higher. One might say that on the
daylight side a blowout or distance expansion of the
energy balls occurs - or one might as well say a reduction
of the number of energy balls per spatial unit, while on
the night side a contraction by distance reduction or an
increase of the number of energy balls per spatial unit
occurs. If one wants to induce the geomagnetic field, the
highest current is obtained when the induction coil is
moved towards the equator of the energy balls the south
poles of which are all directed towards the magnetic north
pole of the earth wherein the inclination and the
deviations caused by field disturbances have to be taken
into account. If the coil is moved towards their poles,
the current also equals zero. With respect to the
geomagnetic field, too, it is possible - as described with
a view to the magnetic field of an electric conductor or a
magnet - to keep the induction coil stationary while
moving the energy balls in a reciprocal way as soon as the
geomagnetic field is subject to periodic and additional
amplification. The latter can be achieved by
high-frequency currents (transmitters). In this case, the
induction coil would be the receiving antenna. It is
obvious that only the additional amplification of the
geomagnetic field which causes a charging of the energy
ball vortices and an increase of the distances between
them can be induced. It is further clear that the best
induction is only possible at night and at the same time
at a low temperature because in this process a larger
quantity of energy ball vortices per square centimeter is
impinged on than at daytime and higher temperatures. The
directing effect of the transmitters is caused by the fact
that the additional amplification of the geomagnetic field
spreads the electric transmitting energy in a ray-like
manner and lets the energy balls move rectangularly to the
ray direction by means of the conditioned additional
charge. The best induction or the best reception is
ensured only when the antenna is aligned in the ray
direction because the largest number of energy balls is
induced by the movement across the ray or flow direction.
The rectangular movement of the energy balls towards the
earth's surface is limited by the finiteness of the
earth's circumference and therefore has only a weak
induction effect. The energy balls cannot enlarge their
mutual distances in a horizontal direction as far as it is
possible in a vertical direction. Hence the induction or
reception of the vertically moved energy balls is better
than that of the horizontally moved balls, and the range
is wider in the former case. Depending upon the vertical
distance expansion of the energy balls, the time of the
reciprocal movement will also differ. If in case of a
transmission pulse the blowout towards outer space is
large - which is to be expected particularly on summer
days -, the rear movement pulse will require more time
than vice versa. As the vertical induction of the energy
balls is better than the horizontal one, it is recommended
to design the antenna as horizontal strips having a wide
and horizontal plane base. Proportionate
to the distance from the earth, the mutual distances of
the energy balls become smaller so that the concentration
towards outer space continuously increases just as we have
seen the distance reduction of the balls in the fields of
the magnets and electric conductors proportionate to the
distance. 5.
Heat
As
regards its nature, heat is accumulated actual solar
electricity. Wherever equal opposite electricity flows
occur, they cancel out each other's effect. But wherever
inhomogeneous electricity flows occur, as in all vortex
fields, accumulation, friction and hence heat and
expansion of the actual electricity is produced by the
flows penetrating each other in opposite directions. The
vortex intensity of the energy balls increases, and their
mutual distances become wider. The number of energy balls
per spatial or area unit is reduced causing a positive
pressure in that unit. 6.
Induction
As
regards its nature, induction is based upon a shift or
disturbance of the state of equilibrium of the statically
mutually aligned energy ball vortex fields. Induction can
be fully understood only if one imagines the entire
geomagnetic field as being completely filled with
nanoparticle vortices. These nanovortices are spaced apart
at definite distances in accordance with the flow
intensity of the geomagnetic field. If these given
distances are additionally expanded by the inhomogeneous
vortex field of a permanent or temporary magnet or by the
inhomogeneous flow field of an electric conductor causing
a charging of the nanovortices, the nanovortices move
outward until a state of static equilibrium between the
geomagnetic field and the additional field is regained.
When the nanovortices hit a closed conductor (induction
coil) during their migration, they hand over their
additional charge in the same direction as that of the
vortex side impinged on. When the additional charge
disappears due to a current interruption, the nanovortices
move back to their original position and hand over their
additional charge to the induction conductor when hitting
it. However, as the vortices hit the opposite side when
flooding back, the flow direction of the induced current
is reverse this time. The same induction effect can be
achieved when the nanovortices remain stationary while the
induction conductor is moved towards the equators of the
nanovortices. The pole axis of the nanovortices always
takes a position rectangular to the flow field (see also
Geomagnetic field.) 7.
Potential and actual lunar electricity
As
regards its nature, the lunar electricity is geo- and in
the end solar electricity. The potential electricity has
its origin in the center of the moon and is also on the
absolute cosmic coldness limit. Just as the earth was once
ejected out of the sun, the moon as a volume of potential
energy was eruptively ejected out of the earth. The actual
lunar electricity causes the gravity on the moon. All
other moons of the other planets have had a similar fate
and also possess potential and actual electricity. 8.
Negative electricity
(see
positive electricity) 9.
Planetary zero point
Each
planet has its own (absolute) zero point which, depending
upon the distance from the sun, is highest with respect to
Mercury and lowest with respect to Uranus, Neptune and
Pluto. Due to the increasing distance from the sun, the
voltage of the actual solar electricity decreases as a
result of the temperature decline while its density per
spatial unit increases at the same ratio. Thus, the
actual solar electricity whirls around every planet
and its substances at a different voltage and density and
expresses itself as magnetism. As with regard to
substances being in the gaseous physical state the mutual
distance of the energy balls and their accumulation heat
is caused mainly upon the voltage and intensity of the
actual solar electricity, these distances and likewise the
accumulation heat change when its voltage changes. If one
wants to achieve lowest temperatures on a planet, e.g. on
the earth, then this is possible only down to that degree
at which the existing voltage of the actual solar
electricity can no longer be raised by lowering the
temperature of the energy balls' zones of dynamic
equilibrium. From this point onwards, the temperature
achieved in the zone of equilibrium prevents the actual
solar electricity from further expanding so that no more
vortex formation and accumulation heat generation occur.
Hence, it is impossible to reach temperatures below -273
°C by known methods because from there onwards the actual
solar electricity no longer acts as accumulation heat
generator. In accordance with the different actual solar
electricity on the other planets the achievable lowest
coldness limit relative to their actual planetary
electricity voltage is also different. This achievable
coldness limit, however, has nothing to do with the
absolute cosmic coldness limit of the lowest hollow space
temperature of the sun, the planets and the moons. 10.
Positive and negative electricity
Actually,
the two kinds of electricity differ only in their opposite
deviation from the normal condition of the geomagnetic
field and in the direction of the gradient or potential.
In order to make this difference clear we have to start
from the notion of a normal condition of the geomagnetic
field. The normal condition is that condition of the
geomagnetic field in which the mutual vortex distances of
the energy balls or nanoparticles is determined without
outside intervention such as additional amplification or
weakening of the geomagnetic field. If the distances
between the energy balls are enlarged by additional
charging - which is similar to a reduction of the number
of energy balls per spatial unit and is obviously best
possible at the surface of substances -,
we have positive electricity before us, as soon as
the energy balls give away their additional vortex charge
and return to their normal condition. In this case, the
extra actual solar electricity flows
outward from the inside, i.e. centrifugally. If,
however, the mutual distances between the energy balls are
reduced by reducing their normal charge determined by the
geomagnetic field - which means an energy ball increase
per spatial or area unit -, we have negative electricity
before us, as soon as the energy balls regain their
lacking vortex charge and return to their normal
condition. This time, however, the charging actual solar
electricity flows inward from outside, i.e. centripetally,
until the energy balls have achieved their normal
condition again. When we in this context compare
Lichtenberg's patterns as shown in Fig. 28 and Fig. 29, we
find the complete confirmation of the aforementioned. The
present conventional idea that the electric current flows
from the minus to the plus pole has caused some confusion
even among experts. This idea was based on the migration
of the electrons which runs opposite to the current flow
rearward through the vortices. Also, it is not quite clear
why just the negative pole is described as having many and
the positive pole as having few electrons. If, in order to
avoid this confusion, the minus and plus signs had been
consequently exchanged, this would have corresponded to
the internal current flow, but in practice this new pole
designation would have caused even more confusion. 28
According
to the vortex laws described herein, the whole matter is
no problem at all. We have perceived that a higher vortex
intensity exists on the positive side than on the negative
side. Therefore, larger vortex distances, i.e. less energy
balls per area or spatial unit, are present at the
positive pole than at the negative pole. So, one might
denote the negative pole as having many and the positive
pole as having few energy balls (Fig. 30). The force which
causes the distance grouping of the energy balls is the
actual solar electricity whirling around the energy balls.
The higher the vortex intensity, the larger the distances
between the energy balls and the higher the voltage of the
actual electricity. As the distance expansion and
distance reduction of the energy balls can only take place
on the surface of solid substances but not in their
inside, the voltage compensation of the vortex intensities
takes place via the liquid from surface to surface in
spite of the higher internal resistance. It would be wrong
to say that the current flowed from minus to plus, because
it is a fact that the positive electricity or the gradient
originates from the substance having the highest vortex
intensity and indeed the least number of mobile energy
balls on its surface. The positive electricity or the
gradient of the solar electricity always originates from
the substance allowing on its surface the higher vortex
intensity by detaching the energy balls so that it
consequently corrodes.
30
Thus,
the usual pole denomination is correct only in a qualified
manner and applies only to the external current flow. The
internal current flow streams from the positive substance
to the negative one. Hence, it is wrong, absurd and
incorrect to say that the current flowed from the minus to
the plus pole. But if a difference is made between
internal and external current flow, the controversy has
been settled once and for all, and the current flows in
the internal as well as in the external circuit always
from the plus pole to the minus pole wherein, of course,
the positive, current-supplying plus pole is located at
the beginning of the internal current flow. 11.
Potential and actual
solar electricity
The
potential solar electricity is the first physical
condition of matter. Its origin is the center of the sun
at the lowest cosmic coldness limit. The transition from
the potential to the actual solar electricity forms the
zone of dynamic equilibrium of the sun. The temperature of
this zone is about 6,000 °C. In its potential state, the
solar electricity has its highest density and its least
voltage. It is the initial state of force. The actual
solar electricity flows continuously from the zone of
dynamic equilibrium of the sun towards both sides of the
sun's equator up to high degrees of latitude from the east
to the west in ascending spirals and thus encompasses the
entire solar system. The effect of this helical flow is
the sun's gravity and the cause of the sun's rotation
around its own axis from the east to the west as well as
of the orbits of planets, planetoids and moons around the
sun. Further, it is the cause of magnetism and of the
specific earthly zero point of minus 273 °C. 12.
Prospects to new tasks
After
having clarifies the deeper regularities of magnetic and
electric fields, the question arises whether it were
possible to utilize the gradient of the actual solar
electricity, which we have recognized as an east-west flow
in our earth, for the benefit of mankind, just as it is
possible to transform air or water flows or air or water
gradients into usable energy. Indeed, we utilize this
gradient in the dynamo machine by expending much energy,
but not in the naturally given way. The utilization of
this gradient in contemporary dynamo machines is finally
the same act as if we would pump the water which nature
supplies us as rain in low plains up to the mountains and
then transform the resulting gradient into energy.
Nowadays, we tap this natural east-west flow from the
poles of permanent and temporary magnets, i.e. from the
descending helical flows, instead of designing facilities
to catch the east-west flow either directly by generating
natural gradients or to catch the escaping ascending
helical flows by physical manipulations, in which case
diamagnetic substances would have to act as mediators if
applied in the correct flow sense.
Part
Two
The
Primeval Phenomenon of Substance Formation
In
the first part of our dealing with the vortex theory, we
have sought clarity about the nature of heat and found out
that that the potential solar electricity as well as the
potential geoelectricity are, in their primeval physical
condition, at the absolute cosmic zero point and that the
actual solar electricity always attempts to approach its
primeval condition, i.e. coldness. We have also pointed to
the equal nature of solar and geoelectricity realizing
that on the earth they differ only in their different
voltage condition and their density. Our logical thinking
had to come to the conclusion that the so-called absolute
zero point of -273 °C in no way has to be the lowest
cosmic absolute zero point. When mentioning a cosmic
absolute zero point hereinafter, let us relate the term
"absolute" only to our solar system. The
Formation of Substance
After
we have removed our ideas and thoughts a little bit from
the conventional and familiar, let us put up a more basic
hypothesis on the basis of our previous studies. Should
this hypothesis be near to the absolute truth, it would
have to be able to explain all phenomena of the natural
sciences without exception. We shall realize that we are
next to truth when we deal with the phenomenon of light
and the motion laws in our solar system. At first, we have
to try to correct our idea that -273°C is the lowest
coldness limit. When at nearly -273 °C the electric
current passes through a conductor without any resistance,
our perception found here suggests that no vortex
accumulation occurs at that point. The electric current
does not find any gradient towards the nanoparticles of
the conducting substance; hence the current flows without
vortex formation and thus without accumulation or
resistance and without heat generation. What we nowadays
measure as temperature is only the accumulation
temperature between the substance particles but not their
core temperature. As soon as the opposite flow
accumulation ceases, we have reached -273 °C. At this
temperature, it seems that the actual solar electricity
ejected from the sun has reached its highest density on
the earth in accordance with the distance between the sun
and the earth. Before we deal with the aforementioned
hypothesis in greater detail, we have to understand by
means of the following consideration that it is easily
clear that temperatures far below -273 °C must exist. Let
us make the following consideration about the law of force
and counterforce found by Newton and proven in classical
physics by numerous tests: It is known that one gram of
Radium sets free 10 billion Joule of heat up to its
complete disintegration. When calculated as to the heat
equivalent, this would equal
2,390,000 kcal. Let us now assume that these
2,390,000 kcal would suddenly be released by any event
while on the other hand this release were to be
efficiently countered. Nobody will doubt that this release
might be efficiently countered by coldness. So an equal
amount of coldness would have to be confronted with this
heat of 2,370,000 kcal in order to create an equilibrium
so as to avert the enormous danger inherent in such heat
release. But as a sudden release is impossible under
normal conditions, it has to be assumed that a continuous
balance of heat and coldness exists, i.e. that force and
counterforce are always balanced. The force would be the
potential energy or potential solar electricity in the
core of each substance particle at its lowest coldness
limit. One can imagine that this potential energy resting
in itself can only maintain itself in this enormous
coldness condition. The counterforce would be the force
which we have learned to be the actual solar electricity
which due to the outside temperature attempts to approach
its primeval condition, i.e. the coldness limit. The zone
in which force and counterforce are balanced would be the
zone of dynamic equilibrium of a nanoparticle or a moon, a
planet, or the sun. If one wanted to disturb the balanced
state of this potential energy, this would only be
possible by changing the outside temperature because by
doing so the force balance of force and counterforce would
be shifted outward or inward. At an increase of the
outside temperature, the diameter of the dynamic zone of
equilibrium would become larger
while it would be smaller if the outside
temperature were lowered. As substances having a different
atomic weight also have different core temperatures in
accordance with Joule's equivalent, the diameters of these
nanoparticles differ in size, too. For this reason, the
outside temperature must not be boundlessly increased
because in this case there would be a risk of blowing up
the dynamic zone of equilibrium of the nanoparticles due
to regrouping the different nanoparticles of a substance
which would mean a direct contact between the potential
core electricity amounting to millions of degrees coldness
and the outside temperature so that this potential core
electricity would, due to its thermal sensitivity, expand
in an enormous explosion during which the released
potential electricity would burn everything within a
certain range. A difference should be made whether
particles having the lowest core temperature, a high
density and low voltage or particles having a higher core
temperature, a low density and a higher voltage were
subjected to a maximum outside temperature. In the former
case, the blowup of the dynamic zone of equilibrium would
result in a high current density and low voltage while in
the latter case a low current density and a higher voltage
would occur. Thus, substances having the lowest core
temperatures, the highest density and the lowest voltage
would be less dangerous than substances with higher core
temperatures, low density and high voltages such as
hydrogen. (Meanwhile, this experiment has been confirmed
by the development of the "atomic bomb".) If
the interior of the sun were as hot as it is cold in
reality, it could not be seen as a ball in its present
shape on the sky, but it would since long have had the
same fate as the nova Pictoris or the nova Hercules. The
possibility of the nearly inexhaustible reserve of
potential energy of the sun is based solely on the
assumption of a lowest coldness limit. 31
Let
us eventually deal with our aforementioned hypothesis. Let
us assume that our earth had been ejected many millions of
years ago in a huge eruption out of the interior of the
sun as a volume of potential electricity at a coldness of
approximately minus 5 million °C. This volume of
potential electricity would immediately have taken the
shape of a ball of concentrated force outside the solar
zone of dynamic equilibrium and within the outside
temperature because this volume had been located in a
space of a considerably higher temperature. According to
our perceptions gained so far, this process would have
taken place as follows: The actual solar electricity
bordering on the periphery of the ejected volume would
have attempted to centripetally reach its primeval
coldness condition (Fig. 31) while on the other hand the
periphery of the ejected volume would have come into
contact with a warmer zone. As the potential volume is
very heat-sensitive, it would have tremendously expanded
in a centrifugal way on its periphery. So the forces would
have opposed each other so as to cancel each other out and
to form, so to speak, a zone of equilibrium. As the
opposing forces were of the same amount, a spherical shape
would inevitably have been formed - similar to a soap
bubble which is also characterized by a balance between
the internal and external pressure forces. One should not
think of this zone of equilibrium as being rigid and
immobile, but rather as being dynamically mobile and
characterized by permanent unrest. This continuous flowing
into each other at the periphery would of course generate
heat so that one might say that the zone of dynamic
equilibrium is at the same time a heat zone. Now, one has
to imagine that this heat zone decreases outwardly as well
as inwardly with the inward decrease being much more
abrupt than the outward decrease. If, during this
continuous spherical equalization effort of the zone of
dynamic equilibrium, the heat zone comes nearer to the
internal potential electricity which we will now refer to
as geoelectricity, the latter would, due to its heat
sensitivity, enormously expand - maybe like an explosion -
and blow up the zone of equilibrium in some spots. At the
same time, the same which happened on a large scale during
the ejection from the sun would now happen on the smallest
imaginable scale. Nanoballs would be formed the core
temperature of which would be adequate to the zone from
which these ejected volumes of potential electricity
originated. As all nanoballs would have the same degree of
force, density multiplied with voltage, they would only
differ in their core temperature and thus in their
diameter. Hydrogen, for example, would have been formed
first on the outermost periphery and hence would have the
lowest core temperature and thus the lowest density, but
at the same time the highest voltage and the largest
diameter. One might go on this way with regard to all
elements up to one of the heaviest, uranium. Although this
is not a pure element as pure elements cannot exist at
all, but is composed of a number of different
nanoparticles. After all, the majority of these particles
has nearly the highest density, the lowest voltage and the
smallest diameter because the core temperature in a large
number of them is at the lowest coldness limit which rests
in itself in its primeval state. The continuous
disturbance of this state of rest is caused only by
particles having a larger diameter, a lower core
temperature and a higher internal voltage. The particles
are incoherent and thus generate a temperature being 2 - 3
degrees above the ambient temperature which accelerates
disintegration. Unless the element helium with its large
diameter and high internal voltage were present in
between, even uranium would not disintegrate. The
core electricity remaining in its state of rest becomes
actual electricity on its borders to the heat zone which
means that the zone of dynamic equilibrium emerges from
inside. It is highly probable that these nanoparticles
have been ejected out of the deeper regions of the earth
in enormous eruptions near the end of the substance
formation process. As the nanoparticles of the substances
represent a center of force due to their potential energy,
let us refer to them as energy balls. If we have a
somewhat closer look at the dynamic zone of equilibrium of
the energy balls which we have also denoted as heat zone,
we find out that more specific heat has to be supplied to
hydrogen due to its lower heat zone than to the other
energy balls having higher heat zones in order to increase
its temperature by 1 °C. On the other hand, uranium has
the highest heat zone and accordingly the lowest heat
supply (cf Table)
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